LEE  ANi 


HANDBO 

liy  W.U.TK*   K.    K 
Olotb,  60  (flit*. 

11  This  v:ilu;ilili-  I 
;is  ;i  du'est  of  rlociii 
ill  Jirirn  "—A'.y.  Ti 

••Xolittlc  book  is 
if  ils  inculcation  ; 
i'/iarc/iinun,  Sew  i'u 

SHORT  ST 
liy  THOMAS  WKM\ 

"  Col.  IIl','u'il|siill  i 

ability.  l)iu  in  HOIK* 
tli.ui  i;i  these  grace 
that  any  more  dag; 
thorite,  I'oe  or  >  IKM 

tin-  author  of  ••  An 

Itegliueut."—  Kiixji 


A  Il.tii'lbook  for  tli> 
und  PreMrvlug 
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required  t>»  reniici 

ln-.vs  tits  it  to  lii!  car 

.\ntt"ii(il  ltiif/i.<t,  .\ 

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TAXID 

Coinp-isinija  ('.iiiiji 
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Skeletons,  and 

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Daily  Union. 


UNIVERSAL 


SHORT-HAND  BY  THE  "ALLEN  METHOD" 


A   SELF-INSTRUCTOR,  WHEREBY   MORE  SPEED  THAN 

LONG-HAND   WRITING    IS   GAINED    AT    THE 

FIRST,   AND  ADDITIONAL  SPEED  AT 

EACH  SUBSEQUENT  LESSON. 


G.    G.    ALLEN 

1'RINCIPAL  OF  THE  ALLEN    STENOGRAPHIC   INSTITUTE,  BOSTON 


BOSTON 

JLEE  AND  SHEPARD,  47  FRANKLIN  STREET 

NEW  YORK 

CHARLES  T.  DILLINGHAM,  678  BROADWAY 
1883 


Copyright,   1883,  by 
G.  G.  AI.I.KN. 


M    V.    HOWARD  &  Co.,  PRINTK 

mover  St  ,  15-1-,1'iu 


" 


INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS. 


Unlike  most  of  its  predecessors,  this  work  is  not 
claimed  by  its  author. to  be  an  encyclopedia  of 
phonography,  stenography,  phonetics,  phonics,  phi- 
lology, etc.  It  aims  only  to  present  a  brief  but 
lucid  method  of  acquiring,  in  a  small  fraction  of 
the  time  hitherto  required,  the  elementary  princi- 
ples of  phonographic  short-hand  essential  to  secure 
;,  speed  and  legibility  in  writing. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  improvements 
claimed  for  this  method  : 

i.  It  enables  the  student  from  the  first  lesson  to 
acquire  more,  and  in  a  week  two  or  three  times  as 
much,  speed  as  a  long-hand  writer ;  while  according 
to  all  previous  systems  of  phonography  speed  has 
not  been  attempted  short  of  two  or  three  months. 

448361 


4  INTRODUCTORY    RKMAKKS. 

And  while  ninety-nine  out  of  every  hundred  have 
formerly  madp  a  total  failure  in  this  respect,  there 
has  never  been  a  single  instance,  by  this  method, 
where  a  student  who  has  studied  for  three  con 
utive  weeks  could  not  write  three  times  as  fast  as 
an  ordinary  long-hand  writer. 

2.  Its   latter   principles  enable  the  student  to 
acquire  more  speed  and  gain  it  more  rapidly  ;  many, 
in  two  or  three  months  after  beginning  short- hand 
by  this  method,  being  fitted  to  fill  successfully  the 
most  difficult  and  remunerative   positions,  and  to 
be  ranked  as  the  most  expert  in  the  country. 

3.  Discards  the  consonant  H,  thus  saving  many 
strokes  in  a  sentence.     Some  might  prefer  it  in  a 
proper  name,  as  C.  H.  Harrigan,  but  as  the  C  must 
be  written  in  long- hand,  and  as  the  H  used  by  most 
>y -terns  of  phonography  is  about  as  difficult  as  the 
Roman   (h),  that  character  would   be   appropriate 
for  the  initial,  and  the  aspirated  vowel  is  suriVi<-m 
in   the   surname.     Even    this    necessity   would   not 
occur  once  in  five  thousand  cases  where  1 1 

The  principal  objection  to  the  H  in  phonography 
is  that  it  is  the  one  "bone  of  contention"  between 
the  various  systems,  causing  them  to  wage 


INTRODUCTORY    REMARKS.  5 

against  each  other  like  the  Kilkenny  cats,  and  with 
a  tendency  towards  the  same  result.. 

4.  This  is  the  only  method  that  shows  when  W 
and  Y  are  consonants  or  vowels,  and  yet  the  dis- 
tinction between  the  consonants  and  vowels  is  one 
of  the  main  features  of  phonographic  reporting. 

5.  The  only  method  that  has  a  distinct  sign  for 
each  of  the  two  letters  Ra  and  Ar  —  sounds  ele- 
mental and  so  dissimilar  (the  former  being  slightly 
trilled)  that  separate  characters  should  be  provided 
tor  them  in  long-hand. 

6.  Two  or  three  simple  rules  for  acquiring  pho- 
netic consonant  outlines  of  words. 

7.  A  few  simple  expedients  enabling  students  to 
read  readily  at  the  first  lesson. 

8.  A  system  of  punctuation  enabling  students 
to  gain  much  more  speed  than  by  former  methods, 
to    read    with    more    facility,    and    to    give    more 
rhetorical  expression  to  what  they  have  written. 

9.  Giving  in  second  lesson,  after  having  learned 
the   consonants,   expedients   for  writing  frequently 
recurring    sounds   with   a   much    less    number   of 
strokes. 

10.  A   change  and  extension  of  list  of  voweJ 


6  INTRODUCTORY    REMARKS. 

logographs  to  the  first,  second  and  third  positions, 
giving  vowel  sounds  in  their  true  positions,  so  as 
not  to  trip  students  up,  as  formerly,  and  by  repre- 
senting the  most  frequently  recurring  words  with  a 
mere  tick,  thus  greatly  increasing  speed  and  facility 
in  reading. 

i  T  .  Rule  to  secure  greater  legibility  in  applying 
halving  principles. 

i  2.  Principles  enabling  students  to  discard  vowel 
position,  if  desired,  and  thus  secure  more  advan- 
tages for  phrasing. 

1 3.  Directions  for  practice  by  which,  if  followed, 
students  cannot  fail  to  gain  in  speed  in  each  lesson. 

14.  Specific  directions,  enabling  the  student  to 
know  without  hesitation  whether  or  not  to  apply  the 
R  or  I,  hooks. 

15.  Briefer  and  more  systematic  manner  of  rep- 
resenting prefixes  and  affixes  of  words. 

1 6.  Reducing  the  necessity  of  abbreviations  or 
word-signs  from  a  list  of  several  thousand   lo  less 
than  a  dozen. 

17.  A    diagram    of  the    vowel    scale    that    will 
enable  the  student  to  apply  any  vowel  to  any  con- 
sonant  in   any  direction  without  difficulty,  at   the 


INTRODUCTORY    REMARKS.  J 

same  time  showing  the  reporting  style  position  of 
any  words  and  illustrating  the  phonetic  changes  of 
vowels.  This  diagram  saves  scores  of  pages  of 
definition  and  description. 

18.  A   slight   change    in   the    "ticks,"    making 
them  safe,  reliable,  more  speedy,  and  doubling  the 
facility  for  phrasing. 

19.  A  slight  change  of  W  and  Y  logographs, 
which  increases  the  speed  and  facilitates  phrasing. 

20.  Over  one  hundred  expedients  for  gaining 
speed  and  doing  away  with  word-signs  ;   such  as 
widened   hooks,  lengthened   hooks,  waved    hooks, 
lengthened  widened  hooks,  reversed  hooks,  length- 
ened reversed  hooks,  curves,  waves,  etc. 

21.  Harmonizes  the  various  systems  based  on 
Pitman's,  and  establishes  a  universal   one,  which 
should  be  the  grand  desideratum  of  all  short-hand 
writers   and   friends   of  the   art.     The    conflicting 
principles  of  former  methods,  and  consequently  the 
antagonistic  relations  of  their  adherents,  is  the  chief 
reason  why  phonography  has  required  ten-fold  more 
time  than  any  other  palpably  useful  art  or  science 
in  becoming  generally  accepted.    It  is  also  the  cause 
of  the  lack  of  confidence  in  it  evinced  by  many 


8  iNTkonrnoKY   KK: MARKS. 

business  men,  and  responsible  for  a  large  part  of 
the  total  failures  made  by  students  who  try  to 
acquire  and  apply  all  the  conflicting  principles  of 
several  systems. 

22.  Phonetic  spelling,  or  spelling  by  sound,  is 
strictly  adhered  to  at  the  first  of  the  course  by  all 
previous    text-books   on    phonography.     This    is   a 
branch  of  education  whose  details,  minutiae    and 
exceptions  would  alone  require  a  life-time  to  master, 
and  when  taken  as  an  introductory  step  towards 
learning   short-hand,    engenders   a   confusion   that 
leaves  the  learner  little  courage  to  attack  the  subject 
proper.     It   is   not  an   actual   necessity  in  writing 
short-hand  rapidly  and  reading  it,  even  by  the  pho- 
nographic alphabet,  as  the  different  degrees  of  its 
application  by  different  stenographers  in  the   pro- 
fession will  illustrate.    About  all  of  phonetic  spelling 
that    is    practically    acquired    by   stenographers    is 
learned  from  the  daily  practice  of  reading  printed 
short-hand  exercises,  and  through  the  same  media 
we  gradually  train  the  student  into  its  use,  without 
devoting  a  day  of  extra  time  to  it. 

23.  We  omit  the  so-called  corresponding  style, 
used   by   all  other   methods.     This  branch  of  the 


INTRODUCTORY    REMARKS.  9 

subject  not  only  affords  the  most  serious  imped- 
iment to  the  student,  but  is  much  worse  than  entire 
ignorance  of  the  art ;  for  it  consists  of  a  complete 
yet  unscientific  system  in  itself,  whose  intricacies 

can    never   be   thoroughly   mastered.      But   when 

• 
extraordinary    industry   and    protracted   toil   have 

fixed  some  of  its  principles  so  firmly  in  mind  as  to 
amount  to  a  mechanical  action  like  a  second  nature, 
he  is  told  that  in  order  to  gain  speed  and  practically 
apply  the  art  he  must  discard  these,  take  the  next 
book  and  adopt  the  reporting  style.  Then  comes 
the  hardest  work  of  all.  Many  words  which  occur 
most  frequently  and  which  he  has  made  most 
mechanical,  such  as  a,  and,  he,  the,  are  differently 
represented,  and  he  must  learn  a  new  application 
of  them.  It  requires  years  to  unlearn  what  had 
taken  months  to  learn,  and  to  overcome  the  habit 
of  hesitation  on  account  <3f  the  involuntary  intrusion 
of  those  firmly  fixed  mechanical  forms. 

First  impressions  are  always  the  deepest,  and 
"habit,"  says  Bulwer  Lytton,  "is  ten-fold  stronger 
than  nature."  How  firmly  rooted,  then,  must  be 
those  principles  established  by  months  of  habitual 
practice  upon  the  first  impressions  of  forms,  and 


10  INTRODUCTORY    KKMARKS. 

into  what  a  confused  state  of  mind  must  it  cast  the 
poor  pupil  when  a  blow  is  aimed  at  the  very  foun- 
dation on  which  he  had  built,  and  every  support 
upon  which  he  was  accustomed  to  lean  is  knocked 
from  under  him  !  It  is  impossible  for  any  one  not 
acquainted  with  the  circumstances  to  imagine  the 
predicament.  It  is  in  some  respects  like  the  accent 
of  a  foreigner  who  has  recently  learned  English. 
His  old  habits  of  pronunciation  modify  the  new  in 
almost  every  word  he  utters,  and  in  spite  of  the 
most  strenuous  efforts  some  of  the  accents  of  his 
first  mode  of  speaking  will  creep  into  his  articula- 
tion until  the  day  of  his  death. 

23.  It  has  heretofore  been  customary  in  all  works 
treating  of  an  art  of  this  nature  to  give  the  pupil  all 
the  principles,  rules,  exceptions,  variations,  etc., 
before  attempting  any  speed.  This  should  be 
avoided,  even  when  taking  a  reporting  style ;  for  if 
the  student  should  finally  attempt  any  speed  in 
writing,  it  would  necessitate  retracing  in  the  mem- 
ory and  a  complete  mental  review  of  a  large  part  of 
those  apparently  conflicting  principles,  rules,  excep- 
tions, etc.,  at  almost  every  word  he  writes.  Is  it 
any  wonder  that  many  persons  of  the  best  mental 


INTRODUCTORY    REMARKS.  II 

calibre  study  those  books  for  half  a  dozen  years  or 
more  without  gaining  speed  ?  Indeed  it  is  a  notice- 
able fact,  and  it  has  often  been  remarked  by  the 
best  practical  reporters,  that  the  most  brilliant  and 
careful  students  in  every  other  branch  of  education 
make  the  worst  failures  in  acquiring  the  art  from 
those  books ;  and,  vice  versa,  the  most  careless 
students  are  generally  the  ones  who  have  attained 
the  summit  of  reputation.  Those  books  reverse 
the  old  adage,  "  Example  is  better  than  precept,'-' 
and  prescribe  a  pound  of  precept  to  every  ounce  of 
example  —  many  rules,  etc.,  and  but  little  general 
application  of  principles. 

In  the  method  now  offered  to  the  public,  success 
and  practicability  is  the  chief  aim.  This  once 
secured,  theoretical  details  can  easily  be  acquired 
at  leisure,  if  desired.  The  student  is  given  a  thor- 
.  ough  drill  in  the  application  of  each  rule  or  prin- 
ciple to  general  literature,  and  by  making  his 
acquisitions  at  each  step  mechanical,  he  is  enabled 
to  wholly  concentrate  his  energies  and  attention  on 
the  next  step,  MAKING  PROGRESS  AND  PRACTICABILITY 
CERTAIN. 


)  2 


D1AOKAM. 


CONSONANTS. 


So 


NG 


'J 


RULES  OF  PROCEDURE. 


EXERCISE  I. 

i.  Copy  about  a  solid  column  from  one  of  the 
largest  newspapers  (or  its  equivalent  in  any  other 
printed  matter);  using,  instead  of  the  common 
alphabet,  that  part  of  the  circle  or  its  radii  in  the 
accompanying  diagram  designated  by  the  letter  to 
be  used,  and  adopt  the  following  changes  in  orthog- 
raphy : 

Use  tic-  If.  Some  do  not  pronounce  it,  yet  are 
understood. 

Omit  the  rowels  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  W  and  Y.  W 
and  V  are  consonants  when  they  are  immediately 
followed  by  a  vowel  sound  in  the  same  syllable,  as 


14  RULES    OF    PROCEDURE. 

won,  between,  kwik  (quick),  when,  yield,  yondet, 
yet ;  otherwise  they  are  vowels,  as  own,  town,  bow. 
how,  by,  lonely,  style.  H  following  W  is  not 
regarded  ;  consequently  when  H  and  a  vowel  follow 
W,  consider  the  W  as  a  consonant. 

2.  Use  S  for  the  soft  and  K  for  the  hard  sound 
of  C,  Kw  for  Q,  Ks  for  X,  and  J  for  soft  G.     Spell 
words  as  nearly  as  possible  as  they  are  pronoun 
omitting  silent  letters,  and  when  the  same  conso- 
nant occurs  twice  without  a  vowel  between,  use  it 
b'lt  once.     Examples  :  tho  for  though,  rite  for  right 
or  write,  kood  for  could,  pas  for  pass,  tuf  for  tough, 
tha  for  they,  thru  for  through,  koper  for  copper. 

3.  Join  all  the  con  sonants  in  </  word,  milking 
all  the  strokes    downward,   except   the  horizontal 
ones  (made  from  left  to  right)  and  the  following: 

( 

R  L  -II 

.  This  "R  is  used  when  immediately  followed  by  a 
vowel  sound  in  the  same  syllable  ;  otherwise  the 
downward  R  ^ .  A  syllable  never  has  more  than 
one  vowel  sound;  consequently  the  number  of 
syllables  indicates  the  number  of  vowels  sounded. 


n.KS     OK    PROCEDURE. 


15 


representative        malignant  responsibility     character         fUgr.mt 

L  and  Sh,  although  generally  written  upward,  may 
sometimes  for  the  sake  of  convenience  be  written 
downwards. 

ALWAYS  use  downward  R  and  L  ivhen  the  fir sf 
consonant  in  a  word  an.l preceded  by  a  vowel,  as 


irregular       arrival    alike    arm      along    help  elect  erect   elsewhere 

arrange 

4.     Use  for  The  or  He  the  sign     ...  or  

"      A.  An  or  And  "  -     •• 

"      I  "        or  ..L . 

"      How  "  or  A 

"      Who 

"      Is  or  His  " 
As  or  Has 

The  above  signs  enable  the  student  to  dispense 
with  H  in  its  principal  use  as  employed  in  the 
elementary  parts  of  former  phonographic  works, 


pi  RULES     OK    PROCK1HJKK. 

.ind  far.ilitate  reading  more  than  those  works  do 
at  the  beginning  of  the  student's  course.  The 
tir-k  strpkes  for  He,  The,  A,  And  and  I  should  be 
about  one-sixth  as  long  as  a  consonant  stroke. 

5  .      Use  the  stroke  .V   (  i  )  -when    it  is    the    only 
•nant  sound  in  a  syllahle,  a-> 


science  silent      secresy  salu!  ;  sileiii'e 

surry  viiii:it 

(  2  )   'i'hi'n  it  is  the  first  consonant  in  a  syllable  and 
preceded  />_)•  a  rowel  sounJ,  as 


t  inestimable  estimate          airi-rt.-un  i-.pir.it  n>n 

essential  esteem 

U'hen   the   BOUnd  of  S  occurs   t\vi<x-  in 
in  the  same  syllable,  make  the  cin:le  twice-  as 

>uaL 

In  all  other  respects,  a  word  should  have  a  stroke 
for  each  pronounced  syllable. 

6.     Leave  the  space  of  an  inch  at  the  end  of  a 
sentence.       This    will    help    materially    in    reading. 
itlu-r  marks  of  punctuation  are  needed  in  rapid 
•rting,  though  a  great    d-.-al  (if  rhetorical   ex; 


RULES     Of    PROCEDURE.  I  7 

sion  may  be  given  to  an  article,  when  writing  slowly, 
by  allowing  the  space  of  an  inch  for  a  period,  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  for  a  colon,  a  half  inch  for  a 
semi-colon,  and  one-fourth  of  an  inch  for  a  comma. 
The  ordinary  space  between  the  characters  should 
be  about  one-sixth  of  an  inch. 

7.  Always  write  the  following  words  above  the 
line,  on  the  line  and  below  or  through  the  line,  as 
indicated  in  the  following  : 

' ~  \ 

^r^. -• -~-^- *^r ) 

me   my  him  any,  in  no,  on          new,  now       house 

Like  the  last  two,  when  any  word  has  the  vowel 
sound  of  ow  (ou)  in  it,  make  the  first  consonant 
stroke  through  the  line,  unless  it  is  a  horizontal 
stroke,  which  must  be  written  just  below  the  line. 

8.  After  having  learned  the  alphabet  by  writing 
it  as  above,  practice  for  speed  by  having  some  one 
read  to  you. 

9.  Practice  on  the  above  until  you  have  attained 
a  speed  of  forty  words  a  minute,  or  a  little  more 
than  a  rapid  long-hand  writer. 

10.  Read  about  one-fifth  of  all  you  have  writ- 
ten, according  to  rule  in  first  reading  exercise. 


iX  kii.Ks    OK   '-km  i  iifki . 

KXKRC1SK    II. 
i  ON  i  KM  TIONS. 

Indicate   the   prefixes  Con  and  Com  by  a  dot  at 
tin-  beginning  of  the  next  consonant  stroke,  as 


<  compel  compute      combat  connection     confine 

.<iiinr.il  tommand        contain  condole 

Any    sound    preceding    Con   and    Com  may  be 
written  in  place  of  the  dot,  as 


T        /  ~1  «  'v  ">/V,      —  'w 

^     H  I 

in.  .insi.iiu          unconscious         I  contend  will  confide 

recommend  decompose     the  company  inconvenient 

Indicate  the  affix  Ing  liy  a  dot  at  the  end  of  the 
stroke  preceding  itt  as 

A,  r-.  !  ^~    L.     "i  "n  -^ 

receiving        seeking      having  taking    remindiiiK  coiu-luding 

concealing     doing       keeping 

Any   sound   following    Ing  ina\   l>e   written   in   its 
placi 


-  '    "   t/"  l 


ctoings     meetings  seemingly          throwing  a     going  far 

sufferings        accordingly  exceedingly      doinp  a        running  fast 


RU1.KS    OF    PROCEDURE.  ig 

The  sound  of  St  (without  an  intervening  vowel) 
is  represented  by  changing  the  little  circle  into  a 
small  loop,  as 


arrest          placed  chased  most  suggests   deduced 

missed          distinguish       paste  stick  testify      trust 

suppose  it 

Slightly  shading  one  side  of  the  "loop  will  repre- 
sent Zd,  as 

f    \>  s-*&  \>   /V 

raised       cruised        paused  gazed     •         opposed    aroused 

supposed      amazed       refused          surprised       confused    harmonized 

The  sound  of  Str  is  represented  by  a  large  loop, 
as 


imster    duster      boaster  distressed    distribute  struggle 

poster      jester        pastor      disturb  destruction  impostor 

Never  make  a  consonant  stroke  across  a  line 
after  the  St  or  Str  loop. 

A  large  terminal  hook  is  used  to  add  the  sound 
of  Shun,  as 

J- 


attention  mission  constitution     revision  reformation     prevention 

condition  suspension  sectional         affectionate 


20  KULES    OK    PK<  K  I  1 .1  Kl  . 

Write  the  following  words  through  the  line,  so  as 
not  to  conflict  with  other  words  having  the  same 
form  : 

-! F f  <  -~S- 

m  had  though  those  hope  whole 

Practice  on  the  above  rules  until  a  speed  of  fifty 
words  a  minute  is  attained.  Read,  as  in  Exercise 
I.  about  one-fifth  of  all  you  write. 


KXKRCISK   III. 

VOWEI.    L<  ><;<  K-KAI'HS. 

The  following  words  oc<ur  so  frequently  that 
they  ((institute  about  one-third  of  an  ordinary 
discourse,  and  as  the  former  methods  of  phonog- 
raphy have  these  words  represented  by  two  or  three 
strokes,  the  following  arrangement  is  claimed  to 
he  a  great  improvement  as  a  mean-  of  enabling  the 
student  to  acquire  speed.  They  are  arranged 
according  to  the  vowel  scale  of  I -one  Pitman's 
ninth  edition,  commonly  known  as  the  Henn 


RULES     OF    PROCEDURE.  21 

Pitman    system,    which    is    at    present    the    most 
prevalent   one   in   America. 

The  first  position  is  written  above  the  line,  half 
way  up  to  the  next  line  ;  the  second  on  the  line, 
and  the  third  just  below  the  line. 

LONG    VOWK.L    SOUNDS. 
FIKST  POSITION,  \  I  ^ 

all  already  ought 

SECOND  \  i  / 

or  before  for 


THIRD  \  I  / 

two  or  too          are  who 


SHORT   VOWEL    SOUNDS. 

FIRST  POSITION,  \  I 

of  in 


SECOND       "  \  , 

above  but  from 


THIRD  i 

to  how  should 

In  learning  these  logographs,  memorize  both 
long  "and  short  vowel  sounds  in  the  first  position, 
then  those  in  the  second,  and  finally  those  in  the 


22  RULES     OK    PROCEDURE. 

third.  Afterwards  make  them  practically  your  own 
by  writing  the  short-hand  ticks  for  the  words  in  all 
directions,  and  then  reading  them. 

Continual  use  of  these  logographs  at  this  part  of 
the  course  will  give  the  student  a  mechanical 
acquisition  of  and  a  key  to  the  vowel  position, 
which  heretofore  required  long  weeks  and  even 
months  of  especial  attention  to  acquire.  There  is 
no  uncertainty  about  reading  these  words,  and  as 
they  occur  so  frequently,  they  facilitate  reading 
from  the  context  more  than  any  other  instruction 
book  extant. 

Practice  until  the  speed  of  sixty  wonts  a  mi  nut? 
is  attained,  reading  as  in  Kxercise  II. 

15 y  all  other  methods  the  vowel  logographs  are 
written  out  of  their  true  vowel  positions,  causing 
great  confusion  when  the  student  tries  to  wrirc 
other  words  with  the  same  vowel  sound  in  the  same 
position.  For  instance  they  give  the  vowel  !• 
graph  "or"  the  first  vowel  position,  light,  which 
indicates  that  it  has  the  sound  of  o  in  hop.  and 
which  makes  it  sound  more  like  "are;"  while 
the  logograph  "for"  they  write  in  the  M-<oml 
position. 


RULES     OF    PROCEDURE.  23. 

This  method  also  differs  from  the  older  ones  in 
having  words  that  are  the  same  parts  of  speech 
more  generally  given  different  directions,  so  that 
any  one  who  is  apt  to  watch  the  context  can  read 
them,  no  matter  in  what  position  they  are  written. 
Yet  the  deviation  from  the  old  works  on  phonog- 
raphy is  so  carefully  arranged  that  the  students  of 
this  method  read  the  short-hand  exercises  in 
Pitman's  and  Graham's  books  without  difficulty  or 
hesitation. 


EXERCISE  IV. 

HALVING     PRINCIPLE. 

Halving  a  consonant  stroke  indicates  the  sound 
of  T  and  sometimes  D  following  it,  as 

V  ~  ^^        ^  J     ?    k    ^>   Lj   ^ 

meet         caught          sects  written      state       elocutionist  melt 

packed          right          fate  touched    estimate     conducted 


^ 


f     *     L     L 

I 

metal          agitated        evidence  rejected       said  it       detect 

cottage        anticipate        decapitated          take  it      slights       dictate 


OK     I'KOCKDl'KK. 


Shade    M   and    N,   downward    L  and   K,   when 
halved  fur  I),  as 


old          need  build          filled        indicate  defend  command 

made          formed  seemed    descend          pretend     understood 

I'sc  downward  L  and  R  only  when  they  are 
preceded  and  not  followed  by  a  vowel. 

For  fear  of  conflicting  with  above  rule,  never 
shorten  Mp,  Ng,  VV  or  Y. 

Do  not  shorten  a  stroke  in  a  word  of  one  syllable 
for  D,  except  (i)  when  I)  follows  M  or  N,  down- 
ward L  or  R ;  (2)  when  it  has  a  hook;  (3)  when 
it  is  a  word  of  very  frequent  occurrence  and  may 
thus  be  considered  as  a  logograph,  as  did.  could, 
good,  told,  etc. 

Making  a  curved  stroke  double  length  adds  Thr, 
Tr  or  I  )r.  as 


her      matter       later        enter        tender 


neither      letter  of  their  feather  fainter 

leave  their       having  their  surrender 


RULES    OF    PROCEDURE.  25 

Practice    until   the   speed  of  seventy   words   a 
minute  is  attained,  reading- as  in  Exercise  II. 


EXERCISE   V. 

W   AND    Y    LOGOGRAPHS. 

Represent  the  following  words  by  a  small  semi- 
circle or  three-fourths  of  a  circle,  written  above  the 
line  (halfway  up  to  the  next  line)  .or  on  the  line  : 

FIRST  POSITION,  c  3 

we,  with  what 

SECOND        "  c  D 

were,  where  would 

These  brief  signs  may  also  be  sometimes  used 
for  the  consonant  W,  and  may  be  joined  as  a  hook 
when  followed  by  M,  N,  upward  L  and  upward  R, 
as 

C '</    ^   ^    f  ^   ^    ^    ^|    ^ — -  ^^ 

well  when    one      while        with  me          window  wonder 

weary  we  may  win  winter 

They  may  be  joined  to  all  other  consonants  at 
an  angle. 


26  KUI.KS     <)K    I'k<><   KM   Kl  . 

The  following  words  may  also  be  represented  by 
the  following  signs,  semi-circular  or  three-fourths  of 
a  circle,  in  the  same  position  as  the  \V  logographs  : 

FIRST  POSITION,  \ 

ye,  year-  Ley..,,,! 

SECOND       " 

yet  you,  your 

Tlu-se  signs  may  be  almost  always  used  for  the 
stroke  Y,  and  may  be  joined  to  other  consonants  at 
an  angle,  as 

'  °" 


yield          yell  you  may  humane    yonder  unite 

yard        you  will  you  do  '    you  must       occu 


py 


r  >  ( 

will  shall  wa-.  which  think 


RULES    OF    PROCEDURE.  2f 


EXERCISE   VI. 

L   HOOK. 

A  small  hook  at  the  beginning  of  a  stroke,  on 
the  right  side  of  upright  and  sloping  characters, 
and  on  the  upper  side  of  horizontal  ones,  represents 
the  liquid  L  blended  with  the  preceding  conso- 
nant, as 

^^-^  •<*-   ^     ^\^So\    T  V 
— -^ 

play  fly      likely      flower  couple        buckle         baffle 

fickle  employ         bluster      meddle        shackles. 


<\ 

bachelor    ripple        medical          combustible    chiefly     philosophical 

flight  bevel  declaration    reckless          thickly      intelligible 


incalculable  faithful      flexible  infallible  philanthropy 

deathly        plausible          fluent  conclusive 

L  hook  on  Sh  is  written  at  the  bottom  of  the 
upward  stroke,  as 


especial  social  commercial  foppishly 


28  RULES    OF    PR<X-KI)URK. 

Nl,  Ml  and  Rl  are  sometimes  written  thus  : 


final     formal     relation 


The  circle  S  preceding  the   L  hook  is  changed 
into  an  ellipse,  as 


disable    split        peaceful  Jisrlnv:  |x>ssible          physirak 

splice      disciple          explore  explanatory          cla- 


k    H'M)K. 

A  character  consisting  of  the  L  hook  joined  to  a 
stroke  and  turned  over  sideways,  gives  the  form  for 
representing  the  liquid  R  following  and  blending 
with  the  same  consonant,  as 

)   ^    r 

bitter  braver  free  vulgar  frightful      overflow 

cripple  thrust       phrase  reverse  thrive 


ti.Mi.her  pleasure     precision  ]n.T|n--trator    frustratimi  um niiqnerable 

great    con\'  :l.itrir  proportion         bright 

F,  V  and  both  sounds  of  'l:h  (lunge  their  form 
when  turned  over  for  the  R  hook. 


RULES    OF    PROCEDURE.  29 

M  and  N  are  shaded  to  take  the  R  hook,  and  on 
Sh  it  is  written  at  the  top,  as 


grammar  dinner  generous  former  murder  nervous 

Lr  is  sometimes  used  by  reporters,  thus  : 


color  intolerable 

S,  St,  or  Str  written  in  the  place  of  the  R  hook 
precedes  it,  as 


spring    consideration          proscribe  spray      scrape  extreme 

street  scream  disastrous    straw  strong 

It  is  not  best  to  use  the  ordinary  R  or  L  hook  on 
short  words  when  there  is  a  vowel  sound  between 
the  R  or  I,  and  the  preceding  consonant;  but  in 
long  words  R  and  L  more  generally  have  the 
blended  sounds,  notwithstanding  a  vowel  occurs 
between  the  stroke  and  the  hook,  and  consequently 
the  hooks  may  be  always  used  to  represent  the 
sounds  of  R  and  L  on  long  words. 

Mp,  Ng,  M,  N,  R,  L,  W,  S  and  Z  never  have  the 
ordinary  L  or  R  hooks. 


30  RULES    OK    I'KOCKUUKE. 


N   HOOK. 

R    N 


KT>L  L     F.V 


N  may  be  added  by  a  small  terminal  hook  on 
the  lower  or  left  side  of  straight  strokes  and  on  the 
concave  side  of  curved  ones,  as 

man    ten    gone  print    convenience          kitchen          parent      kind   plant 
soften  monument        legion          around  friend 


stand  eastern  financial  machinery     spontaneous  understand 

land          ordain  commandment      candidate    sextant  attainment 

S,  St  or  Str  in  the  place  of  the  N  hook  on 
straight  strokes  represents  the  stroke  followed  by  N 
and  S,  St  or  Str,  while  on  curves  S  following  the  N 
hook  is  indicated  by  changing  the  small  circle  into 
an  ellipse,  as 

J  <-*  }  "^  /^^-^  4  ^^d\ 

dense    distance  rains          bounce- 

glance          expense    countenance    caimtcr         .i^.iinst      dances 

responsible 

K    OR    V    HOOK. 

A  small  terminal  hook  (used  on  straight  strokes) 


RULES    OF    PROCEDURE.  31 

on  the  side  opposite  the  N  hook  is  used  to  repre- 
sent F  or  V,  as 

x  i  ^ 

brief  gave  negative         cliffs         roofs      believe       divinity 

contrive         staff  defeated     tough        strife       defend  divided 


EXERCISE  vrr. 

TICKS     AND     PHRASING. 

A  small  tick  joined  to  a  word  in  a  vertical  or 
horizontal  direction  is  used  for  A  or  An,  And 
or  I,  as 


a         I         and          an         of   and  in   he     he  and  and  as    he  is     J  will 

gift    can     some        arc         a     for   all   is       1  are  1  have    with       not 

of  all    on  the  before  us  for-    doit 

the   in  the      ever        for 

all  and  ever   the 

He  or  The  is  a  small  tick  joined  to  a  stroke  in 

any  other  direction  than  vertically  or  horizontally,  as 


%   J 


he                the            the           he     I  think        he  is  he      you  ought 

can              box            man       does     he  is          right  should       to  have 

the       the         in  what  have  two    all  that 

he  says  of  the      is  in  the 


32  RUI.KS    OK    PROCEDURE. 

It  is  always  best  to  make  these  ticks  upward 
when  possible.  This  requires  two  motions  less 
than  the  manner  of  writing  the  tick  for  lie  by  tin- 
old  methods. 

The  method  herein  given  for  joining  the  ticks 
A.  And  and  I,  He  and  The,  in  several  different 
directions,  in  any  vowel  position,  instead  of  in  one 
particular  direction  and  in  a  certain  vowel  position, 
as  formerly,  together  with  the  inversion  of  the  si.^n 
for  You,  enables  students  to  phrase  twice  as  much 
as  by  former  methods.  Former  text  books  give 
the  same  form  for  I  and  He,  the  two  most  dan- 
gerous words  in  the  language  to  conflict,  relying  on 
nothing  but  memory  to  distinguish  between  their. 
as  -  I  shall  be  "  and  "  He  shall  be." 

J)o  not  make  an  indistinct  outline  byjoini; 
tick  on  the  inside  of  a  curve. 

PHRASING. 

Phrasing  consists  of  joining  several  words  in  one 
character,  or  having  them  grouped  closely  together, 
as  they  are  blended  in  being  pronounced  by  a 
rapid  speaker.  Raising  the  pen  and  putting  it 


RULES    OF    PROCEDURE.  33 

down  between  words,  especially  with  small  and 
more  contracted  forms,  requires  as  much  time  as  to 
make  three  well-known  strokes ;  to  verify  this,  try 
writing  an  ordinary  sentence  or  paragraph  with  the 
letters  of  the  words  disjoined,  and  compare  the 
time  required  with  that  of  the  same  matter  written 
as  rapidly  as  possible  in  the  usual  way.  Con- 
sequently the  principle  of  phrasing,  when  properly 
acquired  and  applied,  will  enable  any  one  to  write 
at  least  twice  as  fast  as  one  who  does  not  phrase. 

The  words  should  be  disjoined  (i)  for  a  rhetor- 
ical or  other  pause;  (2)  rather  than  make  an 
inharmonious  juncture  of  lines;  (3)  when  there  is 
any  tendency  of  phrases  to  run  down  across  two  or 
more  lines. 


34 


DIAGRAM. 


LONG  VOWELS. 


First  position. 


Second 


Third       " 


eat    lea    me 


*     •         T,  as  in  mete. 


a  e    lay   may 


•       •',      '"'I 
Jim    In    mail 


\    •'     arm. 


'    A  as  in  ball. 


••'»    ••;••     O    u    note. 


Oo  "     boot 


SHORT  VOWRF.S. 


'First  position,  I  as  in  bit. 

ft      l/t     mit  0f     lot 


O  as  in  cot. 


Second    (t          'I  .•••"".--.-  K    "     get.      ~:  ,.\    .-•-.        V     "    cut. 

rt  Irt    met  «t  Ing      mod 

Third      "            )  .,-.  A    »     hat.       :  ...                 U     "    lull. 

!?!  'inl   mifii  ui»t  'l^-.-k 


IRREGULAR   VO\VKI.S. 


I'"irst  |ios!tlon,  I  as  in  ripe.  A    "         ()i  as  in  toil. 

»tc     l/o      nir  oil     \ay       may 


Tliird 


i        ^A    , 

;  /  ''    s£ 

ou\    lout    moz* 


ho\v. 

f^i 

//tc 


U    "    cube. 


RULES    OF    PROCEDURE.  35 

EXERCISE   VII. 

VOWELS. 

The  first  position  vowel  is  always  written  at  the 
beginning  of  a  stroke. 

The  second  position  vowel  is  always  written  at 
the  middle. 

The  third  position  is  always  written  at  the  end. 

When  a  vowel  occurs  before  a  consonant  it  is 
placed  on  the  left  side  of  all  upright  and  sloping 
strokes,  and  above  horizontal  ones. 

When  the  vowel  occurs  after  a  consonant  it  is 
written  on  the  right  side  of  upright  and  sloping 
strokes,  and  on  the  lower  side  of  horizontal  ones. 
Examples  : 


-?  ^  -r  s  ^  x,  v  j,  T.  i,  ^c  v 

licro  echo  Hannah  area  Ohio  Orion 

hammer          happy         Hubbnrd  own  Iowa  aerial 

The  above  is  the  vowel  system  arranged  accord- 
ing to  Isaac  Pitman's  ninth  edition,  most  commonly 
known  as  the  Benn  Pitman  system.  It  is  also  about 
the  same  as  that  used  in  the  Graham  method. 


3<5  RULES    OK    PROCEDURE. 

BETWEEN   TWO    STROKES. 

A  vowel  between  two  consonant  strokes  is  always 
placed  : 

When  in  the  first  position  after  the  first  con- 
sonant. 

When  in  the  second  position  after  the  first  con- 
sonant, if  long;  before  the  second  if  short. 

When  in  the  third  position  before  the  second 
consonant. 

CHANGED   VOWELS. 

When  a  vowel  occurs  between  a  stroke  and  an  L 
or  R  hook  the  ordinary  vowel  signs  cannot  be  used. 

If  it  is  a  dot  it  is  changed  into  a  small  circle, 
being  placed  before  the  stroke  when  long  and  after 
it  when  short. 

A  dash  vowel  should  be  changed  into  an  ellipse, 
and,  like  the  changed  dot  vowels,  should  be  placed 
before  the  strokes  when  long  and  after  when  short. 
The  old  way  of  representing  this  change  was  to 
strike  the  vowel  through  the  stroke,  or  across  near 
the  ends.  The  former,  especially  on  half-lengths, 
rendered  it  obscure  or  like  the  circle  S,  while  the 


RULES     OF    PROCEDURE.  37 

latter  conflicted  with  the  ticks  in  the  place  of  Con 
and  Com.     Examples  : 

bear         bar  fail  tear  bolt  school  full        adorn 

Words  of  this  kind  are  usually  written  in  this 
manner  in  t'he  "corresponding  style"  of  other 
methods,  but  the  R  and  L  hooks  should  generally 
be  avoided  on  such  words  in  rapid  reporting, 
especially  if  they  are  short  words  and  have  the 
same  form  as  other  words  with  no  vowel  between 
R  or  L  and  the  stroke,  and  that  consequently  have 
these  sounds  more  closely  blended  with  the  strokes. 
In  long  words  these  sounds  are  often  closely 
blended,  notwithstanding  intervening  vowels  may 
occur,  and  consequently  on  such  long  words  those 
hooks  may  be  used. 

Apply  these  rules  carefully  in  the  reading  in 
three  or  four  lessons  before  trying  to  write  them. 
After  that,  put  in  the  vowel  following  H  instead  of 
H,  except  in  a  few  words  which  are  constantly 
occurring,  such  as  had,  have,  has,  etc. 

448361 


38  RUI.KS     OF    F'ROCKDURE. 

VOWEI.    POSITIONS    «>K    WORKS. 

(1)  When   the   accented   or   most    prominent 
vowel  of  a  word  is  in  the  first  position,  the  word  is 
written  above  the  line. 

(2)  When  in  the  second  position  the  word  is 
written  on  the  line. 

(3)  When   in  the   third   position  the  word    is 
written  through  the  line,  unless  it  is  a  horizontal  or 
half-length  stroke,  when  it  is  written  just  below  the 
line. 


These  vowels  are  classed  by  the  other  pho- 
nographic works  as  "diphthongs,"  but  as  phonog- 
raphy is  the  art  of  writing  the  elementary  sounds  of 
the  language  by  elementary  signs,  it  therefore 
admits  of  no  digraphs.  Webster's  dictionary  gives 
the  definition  of  a  diphthong  as  "  the  union  of  two 
vowels  in  one  sound."  If  so,  to  be  phonographic, 
one  sound  should  be  represented  by  but  one  stroke. 

The  sounds  of  i  and  u  are  certainly  as  indivisible 
as  are  those  of  e  or  a  in  the  words  eel  and  ail.  The 


RULES     OF    PROCEDURE.  39 

sounds  between  the  vowels  and  the  consonants  in 
these  two  words  are  neither  vowels,  diphthongs,  con- 
sonants or  aspirates,  but  are  coalescents.  If  ow 
(ou)  and  oi  are  not  indivisible,  they  certainly  are  as 
much  so  as  j,  ch,  sh  and  zh,  which  may  be  said  to 
be  composed  of  dzh,  tsh,  sy  and  zy  respectively 
(former  methods  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding). 
The  following  signs,  consisting  of  top  or  bottom 
arc  of  the  circle  changed  into  a  semi-circle  or 
three-fourths  of  a  circle,  two  of  which  are  shaded 
slightly,  may  be  advantageously  employed  to  rep- 
resent the  irregular  vowels  : 

"  <"»  u  u 

I  Ol  U  OW  (OU) 

ISAAC  PITMAN'S  AND  ML'NSON'S  VOWEL  SCHEME. 

DOT  VOWELS: 


LONG  . 

SHORT. 

First  position, 

A  as  in  Arm, 

A  as  in  Ask. 

Second    " 

A     "      Ale, 

E    "      Met. 

Third      " 

E     "      Ear, 

I     "     Pin. 

The   DASH  VOWELS  are  the  same  as  the   Benn   Pitman  scale. 


4O  RULES    OK    PROCEDURE. 

EXERCISK   VIII. 

LARGE    HOOKS,    K1C. 

A  large  hook  in  the  place  of  the  L  hook  indicates 
VV  following  the  stroke  to  which  it  is  attached,  as 


queer        question        dwell  do  we  have  we        did  we      in 

entwine       it  was  may  we        had  we    consequence 


<  "    /  c 


which  we       inadequate  if  we  anguish  twitter 

sanguine  can  we         I  hope  we  twinge          acquiesce 

A  large  hook  in  the  place  of  the  R  hook 
indicates  Y  following  the  stroke  to  which  it  is 
attached,  as 


0    <T. 

do  you  did  you  may  you  R've  your  will  you 

have  you  though  you  by  your  leave         I  think  you 


vc 

valian 

A  large  hook  in  the  place  of  the  N  hook  adds 


don't  you  union     Indian  banyan    valiant    senior  Spaniard 

fixture  brilliancy 


RULES     OF    PROCEDURE.  41 

the  sound  of  Shur  to  the  stroke  to  which  it  is 
attached,  as 


affectionate    parishioner  executioner  elocutionist        factionist 

passionate  occasioned  excursionist          cautioned 

A  large  hook  on  the  side  opposite  the  Shon  hook 
indicates  Thr,  Tr  or  Dr  following  the  stroke  to 
which  it  is  attached,  as 


rather          picture      lecture    bladder  gather    had  their 

brother  rather        bidder        which  they  are 

Shun  or  Zhun  added  to  S,  St  or  Str  : 


position      taxation      accessions  attestation  administrations  condensation 
physician  suppositional   decision  suggestions  illustrations  transitional 

In,  en  or  un  before  S,  St  or  Str  : 


inscribe        enslaved          unscrupulous        instruction        inspiration 
insipid  instinct  unseemly        instrumental 

in  seeming  to  be 


42  Kl'I.KS     (  >K     !'!<<  H  KliUKK. 

I'KK.rlXI-.S    AND    Al 

N  I  K,    NI'K,    MI.. 


intiTL-st     intercept    intersei_t       introduction        enterprise    undertake 
intervene      interpret         interval      entertainment  understand  iniellcci 


contradict  conlraversion    counteract        countermand         contributions 
contravene      counterpart         counterfeit       counterfeited     controvert 

MI,N. 


magnanimity  niii^nitude  magnificent  magnificence 

UTY,    RITY. 


formality          credulity  sensibility  vulgarity      popularity 

responsibility         frugality      incomprehensibility  sincerity  prosperity 

HLKNKSS,    Kl'l-NK^S. 


\  / 


feebleness  sinfulness      playfulness    faithfulness     truthfulness 
serviceableness    slcilfulness  profitableness  watchfulness    slothfulness 

thoughtfulness 

LKSSNKSs,    s. 


artlessness  gladsomeness  boundlessness  blithesomeness  fearlessness 
thoiiglillessm-ss  luallisonii-ness  irksonicntss     carelessness      hopek  - 


RULES    Ob'    PROCEDURE.  43 

EXERCISE    IX. 

The  following  characters  are  generally  used  for 
the  words  accompanying  them,  by  Pitman's,  Gra- 
ham's, and  other  systems  based  on  them,  with 
hundreds  and  even  thousands  more  ;  but  the  follow- 
ing list  has  enabled  the  author's  personal  students, 
and  renders  it  possible  for  almost  any  one,  to  read 
the  short-hand  exercises  of  those  methods  without 
much  difficulty. 

We  do  not  recommend  the  student  to  use  all 
these  signs,  but  only  ( i )  those '  consistent  with 
former  principles  in  this  book;  (2)  words  not 
derivative  and  therefore  not  having  a  root  which 
maybe  taken  for  a  whole ;  (3)  words  which  have 
no  more  suggestive  abbreviations. 

Generally  our  students  find  less  than  a  dozen 
memorized  word-signs  of  this  kind  an  actual  neces- 
sity in  acquiring  the  utmost  speed  to  be  attained 
in  the  profession. 

By  practicing  the  use  of  only  the  roots,  or  even 
the  abbreviated  roots  of  words,  as  resp  for  respect- 
ability, simp  for  simplification,  the  student  may 
develop  the  habit  of  abbreviating  words  so  that  he 


44  RULES    OF    PRorEKl'RE. 

would  write  legibly,  in  half  a  day's  practice,  parts  of 
two  hundred  words  in  a  briefer  form  than  most  of 
the  word-signs  used  by  former  methods,  and  the 
acquisition  of  this  ability  would  require  less  time 
than  to  make  practicable  ten  word-signs  by  the  old 
methods. 

This  is  accomplished  by  a  close  observation  of 
the  orthography,  etymology  and  context  of  sen- 
tences. The  directions  in  regard  to  reading  refer 
to  this  (see  page  46).  There  may  be  half  a  dozen 
words  with  the  same  form,  but  if  they  are  different 
parts  of  speech  they  will  not  conflict,  and  should 
not  cause  much  difficulty  in  reading. 

LIST   OF   WORD-SIGNS. 

S  Advantage  >    Establish-ment 

V.    After  V^  for 

According-ly-to  *^  From 

^     Astonish-ment  «</  General-ly 
f_  Difficulty  "  Give-n 

I,     Differ-ent-ence  /    He 


RULES     OF    PROCEDURE. 


45 


Language 

/     Large 

« 

Immediate-ly 

Important-ance 
^  Improve-ment 

^    Nature 

S»JJ 

Opinion 
^    Object-don 
^    Opportunity 
^    Particular-ly 
^  Phonography 
«\  Principle-al-ly 


^  Pleasure 

*N  Remember,  mem- 
<^k        ber,  number 
Remark-able-bly 

^  Subject- tion 

, Together 

^  Thing 
-^   Usual-ly 
>w   Under 

(  Without 

^  Word 

j(  Whatever 

f  World 


RULES    OK    PROCEDURE. 


READING. 

After  having  learned  the  alphabet  thoroughly  by 
writing  as  in  Exercise  I,  the  student  may  begin  to 
practice  reading.  This  should  be  done  as  follows  : 

(1)  Have    some    one    read  the    first    page   of  the 
reading  lesson  in  the  key,  and  write  it  as  rapidly  as 
possible,    according    to    principles    in    Exercise    I. 

(2 )  Compare  your  writing  with  the  exercise  printed 
in  short-hand,  and  draw  a  line  under  the  word  in 
your    writing   that   differs   from   it.     (3)    Copy   the 
same  from  the  key  again,  getting  the  characters  a-, 
nearly  as  accurate  in  form  as  those  in  the  printed 
short-hand    as    possible,  and    correct    those  words 
underlined. 

Then  read,  examining  minutely  the  exact  direc- 
tion of  the  stroke  and  whether  it  is  shaded  or  not, 
and  if  the  word  is  not  readily  suggested  by  pro- 
nouncing in  rapid  succession  the  consonant  sounds 
of  the  word,  write  down  those  sounds  in  long-hand, 
together  with  those  in  two  preceding,  and  as  many 
following,  words.  Although  all  words  may  not  l>e 
distinguished  at  first,  yet  practice  in  this  way  will 


RULES    OF    PROCEDURE.  47 

enable  one  to  recognize  them  by  these  skeleton 
outlines  as  readily,  if  not  more"  so,  than  by  their  full 
forms. 

Every  reporter  must  adopt  sooner  or  later  some 
such  process  as  this.  The  advantage  of  beginning 
in  this  way  at  the  first  of  the  course  is  that  the 
same  practice  on  the  consonant  outlines  from  the 
first  lesson  to  the  end  of  the  professional  career 
makes  it  a  second  nature,  and  gives  students  far 
more  confidence  in  consonant  outlines  than  may  be 
acquired  by  the  old  method. 

The  principles  of  each  following  exercise  will 
make  the  reading  much  easier.  The  all-important 
point  to  be  gained,  at  first,  is  speed  and  accuracy 
in  the  formation  of  characters.  If  these  are 
acquired,  the  student  may  feel  certain  of  being  able 
to  read  after  a  few  succeeding  lessons. 

It  is  an  interesting  amusement,  and  highly  useful 
as  a  means  of  developing  the  memory  so  as  to 
remember  sentences  and  expressions,  to  write  down 
the  skeleton  outlines  of  the  sentences  (consisting 
generally  of  subject,  predicate  and  object  of  the 
verb)  in  a  short  article,  and  then  try  to  read  them. 
To  read  outlines  of  sentences,  like  reading  conso- 


48  RULES    OF    PROCEDURE. 

nant  outlines  of  words,  is  no  great  difficulty  after 
some  practice.  Many  reporters  have  been  able,  by 
using  "key-words"  or  such  outlines,  to  take  in 
long-hand  writing  what  was  thought  to  be  a  ver- 
batim report  of  a  discourse.  Others  have  been 
enabled  by  developing  the  memory  in  this  way  to 
write  out  a  full  report  afterwards,  without  having 
taken  any  notes  at  all. 


READING  EXERCISES. 


HOW   I   BECAME   A   PHONOGRAPHER. 


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52  now    I    BECAME    A    PHONOGRAPHER. 


HOW    I    BECAME   A   PHONOGRAPHER.  53, 


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HOW    I   BECAME   A   PHONOGRAPHER.  57 

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58  COMMERCIAL    <  <>KKKS|><  >M  iKM  'K. 

COMMERCIAL   rORRKSI'i  >M>F\'  T. 


COMMERCIAL    CORRESPONDENCE.  59 


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GARFIELD'S  ADVICE  TO   YOUNG  MEN. 


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REMARKS   OF   A    RETIRED   TRADESMAN.  77 

REMARKS   OF   A    RETIRED    TRADESMAN. 

«•?-*«%* 


REMARKS   OF   A    RETIRED    TRADESMAN. 


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REMARKS    OF    A    RETIRED    TRADESMAN.  79 


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KEY  TO  READING  EXERCISES. 


HOW   1    BECAME  A   PHONOGRAPHER. 

Twenty-five  years  ago,  when  I  was  a  young  man,  I  became 
influenced  by  a  great  desire  to  learn  the  art  of  verbatim 
reporting.  The  queer  characters  of  short-hand  writing 
aroused  and  stimulated  my  curiosity.  That  by  means  of 
these  cabalistic  and  perplexing  marks  thoughts  could  be 
transmitted  to  paper  as  fast  as  the  speaker  pronounced  the 
words  which  represented  them,  was  very  astonishing.  I 
was  fascinated,  and  resolved  to  discover  the  secret  of  the 
rapid  manipulation  which  achieved  such  wonderful  results. 

After  inquiry  I  found  that  but  very  little  was  known 
about  short-hand,  even  by  people  of  superior  education, 
except  that  it  was  extremely  difficult  to  learn,  requiring 
years  of  patient  labor  before  the  student  of  the  art  could 
report  a  speech  verbatim.  It  was  also  intimated  to  me  that 
it  was  a  much  more  difficult  task  to  read  short-hand  than  it 
was  to  write  it;  but  so  far  as  phonography  is  concerned,  I 
discovered  in  time  that  the  cause  of  the  embarassment  in 
deciphering  it  is  not  so  much  in  the  art  itself  as  in  the 
excessive  use  of  arbitrary  abbreviations  and  because  of  its 
being  badly  written. 

Phonography,  instead  of  taking  as  its  basis  the  twenty-six 


102  HOW    [    HI-CAME   A    PHONOGRAPH F.R. 

letters  of  the  English  alphabet  and  representing  each  by 
an  arbitrary  sign,  takes  the  forty-two  elementary  sounds  of 
language  and  represents  these  by  straight  lines,  curves  and 
dots.  Each  of  the  signs  of  its  alphabet  represents  but  one 
sound;  consequently  the  word  "though,"  instead  of  being 
spelled  with  six  letters,  is  spelled  with  but  one  consonant 
and  one  vowel,  as  there  are  but  those  two  sounds  to  be 
represented.  I  determined  to  master  the  art,  and  procured 
such  instruction  books  as  were  obtainable  then,  and  such  as 
were  afterwards  published.  These  I  carefully  studied,  and 
found  that  the  basic  principles  of  phonography  had  remained 
about  the  same  as  when  first  invented,  but  the  art  in  prac- 
tice was  greatly  changed 'and  much  confused  by  the  intro- 
duction of  "improvements,"  most  of  which  were  merely 
individual  conceits.  By  adopting  these  innovations  I  had 
to  unlearn  a  great  many  things  which  I  had  thoroughly 
learned.  My  progress  in  speed  and  accuracy  was  retarded 
and  I  had  at  last  to  depend  on  my  personal  experience  and 
that  of  other  practical  reporters  with  whom  I  became 
acquainted.  I  believed  then,  as  most  young  phonographers 
do  —  and  the  text-books  encouraged  the  idea  —  that  the 
greater  the  number  of  "word-signs"  which  I  committed  to 
memory  the  greater  would  be  my  speed.  The  theory  was 
fascinating,  but  the  practice  was  a  failure.  I  devoted 
weeks,  months,  even  years,  to  the  task,  but  without  success. 
I  have  met  many  reporters  in  my  life,  but  never  found  one 
who  cpmpletely  embodied  in  his  practice  the  multitudinous 
abbreviations  of  the  instruction  books. 

The  briefest  outlines  to  the  eye  are  not  always  the 
speediest  to  write.  As  vowels  are  left  out  by  the  reporter, 
his  outlines  should  be  such  as  are  formed  with  the  greatest 
facility,  and  should  be  suggestive  of  the  complete  words 
they  represent.  For  instance,  the  student  of  phonography 


HOW    I    BECAME    A    PHONOGRAPHER.  103 

was  required  to  learn  "sb"  as  a  word -sign  standing  for  the 
word  "subordinate,"  which  really  amounts  to  an,  arbitrary 
contraction,  and  is  not  suggestive.  A  man  may  report  three 
months  in  court  or  at  any  other  kind  of  reporting  without 
meeting  with  the  word,  and  if  he  had  never  spent  time  and 
labor  in  committing  it  to  memory  and  practicing  the  arbi- 
trary outline  for  it,  he  would  write  its  full  consonant  skeleton 
as  rapidly  as  he  heard  the  word  spoken,  and  if  suddenly 
called  upon  to  read  the  sentence  containing  it,  he  would  do 
so  without  any  hesitation. 

The  task  of  learning  six  or  seven  hundred  such  arbitrary 
contractions  so  that  he  will  not  fail  to  write  them  the  instant 
they  are  spoken  and  read  them  without  difficulty  is  a  task 
most  severe  and  unnecessary.  It  is  the  labor  over  contrac- 
tions of  this  kind  that  requires  so  much  time  to  make 
phonography  practicable.  Of  one  thousand  words  of  an 
ordinary  speech  or  discourse,  about  six  hundred  will  be 
such  words  as  a,  the,  is,  and,  may,  etc.,  and  of  the  most 
familiar  of  the  remaining  parts  of  speech.  A  very  small  list 
will  embrace  all  those  words  that  require  any  contracting. 
Burdening  the  memory  with  a  collection  of  arbitrary  "word- 
signs"  retards  progress  in  gaining  speed,  and  prevents 
legibility.  He  who  dispenses  with  them  will  become  just  as 
rapid  a  reporter  as  the  student  who  spends  a  year  or  two  in 
memorizing  these  words  and  the  outlines  that  represent 
them.  And  the  balance  of  legibility  will  always  be  in  favor 
of  him  who  writes  the  outlines,  as  he  who  writes  the  con- 
traction is  always  in  danger  of  forgetting  it  at  the  moment 
he  wants  to  use  it,  and  of  being  puzzled  when  he  attempts 
to  read  it.  The  best  reporters  of  the  present  time  disap- 
prove of  contracted  outlines  unless  they  are  of  very  frequent 
occurrence,  and  favor  flowing  outlines,  which  are  generally 
easier  to  write  and  always  easier  to  read  than  "  word-signs." 


IO4  MOW    I    IllAAMI     A    I'HoNocikAI'HF.R. 

Ili-  can  make  contracted  outlines  very  easily  i/  desired, 
but  for  any  person  to  attempt  to  memori/.e  such  "word- 
signs"  for  the  technical  names  of  every  business,  trade  and 
profession,  is  to  attempt  more  than  an  ordinary  intellect  is 
capable  of  accomplishing. 

Phonography,  by  all  the  text-books,  has  always  required 
three  vowel  positions  for  words  —  above  the  line,  on  the 
line,  and  beneath  or  through  the  line.  This  is  unneces^aiy. 
\Yhen  a  person  writes  a  word  in  phonography,  the  outline 
is  first  flashed  through  the  mind.  If  position  is  considered, 
the  mind  has  two  transactions  to  perform  at  the  same  time. 
This  requires  hesitation  and  a  waste  of  time,  as  nearly  all 
words  with  two  or  more  consonant  outlines  will  be  perfectly 
legible  when  they  are  written  in  any  position,  especially  if 
the  context  and  the  general  meaning  is  observed;  and  I 
have  discovered  that  some  of  the  best  verbatim  reporters 
paid  but  little  attention  to  position. 

Two  or  more  "word-signs"  are  frequently  combined  in 
the  instruction  books  to  form  a  "phrase-sign."'  This  phras- 
ing, under  certain  conditions,  is  a  valuable  help  in  gaining 
speed,  but  the  instruction  books  generally  give  the  student 
long  li>ts  of  phrases  to  memorize  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
"word-signs."  I  lost  a  great  deal  of  time  in  endeavoring 
to  memorize  phrases,  until  I  conceived  that  I  could,  upon 
general  principles,  form  at  the  time  all  the  phrases  that 
were  essential  to  speed. 

One  important  element  of  legibility  is  generally  disre- 
garded by  the  phonographic  reporter.  The  legibility  of 
long-hand  writing  depends  very  much  upon  the  letters  being 
properly  formed.  The  same  may  be  said  of  phonography. 
The  time  and  labor  devoted  to  acquiring  the  ability  to  write 
phonography  symmetrically  will  be  amply  compensated  by 
increased  speed  and  legibility. 


COMMERCIAL   CORRESPONDENCE.  105 

There  is  one  thing  more  of  which  I  wish  to  speak.  The 
phonographic  instruction  books  teach  first  a  "corresponding 
style  "and  then  a  "reporting  style."  The  former  requires 
students  to  write  the  vowels  and  words  in  two  positions; 
the  latter  style  leaves  out  the  vowels,  teaches  him  to  write 
the  same  words  in  three  positions,  and  contains  a  great 
many  more  "word-signs"  and  make-shifts.  When  he 
learns  the  first  he  leaves  out  a  great  deal  that  he  could  learn 
then.  When  he  advances  to  the  second  style  he  is  required 
to  unlearn  a  great  deal  that  he  has  acquired.  This  is  a 
great  impediment  to  progress.  There  is  no  necessity  for 
such  a  distinction  in  "styles."  The  learner  should  be 
taught  the  reporting  style  from  the  commencement.  In 
fact,  the  text-books  contain  a  large  amount  of  rules,  dis- 
tinctions and  discursive  paragraphs  that  are  altogether 
superfluous,  and  which  are  totally  disregarded  by  the  expe- 
rienced verbatim  reporter.  Phonography,  like  most  arts, 
will  improve,  but  the  improvement  will  simplify  the  art,  and 
not  render  it  more  intricate  and  difficult  of  attainment. 

—  JON  SKOT,  in  the  "Cosmopolitan  Short-Hand  Writer." 


COMMERCIAL  CORRESPONDENCE. 

The  style  of  a  mercantile  letter  should  be  clear,  explicit 
and  concise.  There  should  be  nothing  defective,  nothing 
superfluous,  nothing  ambiguous.  It  should  give  full  infor- 
mation of  all  business  transacted  or  required,  or  of  every 
fact  inquired  into,  without  digression  or  unnecessary  detail. 
In  replying  to  a  letter,  follow  the  same  order  that  is 
observed  therein,  discussing  one  subject  fully  and  in  a  sep- 
arate paragraph  before  you  proceed  to  the  next.  The  want 


IO6  COMMERCIAL    C<  )HK1  M'<  >NI>K\CE. 

of  a  proper  division  of  a  letter  into  paragraphs  and  a  neg- 
lect of  punctuation  will  scarcely  fail  to  render  it  confused. 

It  is  a  point  of  chief  importance  that  all  orders  given 
should  be  clear  and  explicit;  and  if  their  execution  depend 
upon  any  contingency,  the  correspondent  must  have  full 
directions  how  to  act  under  any  change  of  circumstances 
that  may  he  contemplated;  this  is  necessary  to  obviate  mis- 
understandings and  disputes.  With  the  same  view  it  is 
usual,  especially  in  important  matters,  to  recapitulate  the 
principal  subjects  of  the  letter  replied  to.  In  this,  however, 
merchants  have  also  another  object,  which  is  to  render 
their  letter-books,  as  far  as  possible,  a  history  of  their  trans- 
actions, for  the  advantage  of  ready  reference  after  a  lapse  of 
years,  and  for  production  in  court,  with  the  better  effect,  in 
case  of  litigation. 

Accordingly  every  letter  should  speak,  as  it  were,  for 
itself,  and  give  all  necessary  particulars  of  the  transaction 
to  which  it  refers.  For  the  same  reason  merchants  seldom 
arrange  any  important  business  verbally;  or  if  they  do  a 
letter  is  immediately  written,  stating  the  nature  of  the 
arrangements  made,  which  is  thus  placed  on  record  in  the 
letter-book,  and  is  corroborated  by  the  answer  of  the  party 
concerned. 

In  the  practice  of  letter-writing  there  are  some  points  to 
be  observed  which  will  very  materially  facilitate  the  per- 
formance of  the  duties  of  the  corresponding  clerk,  and 
which  I  shall  briefly  notice.  A  merchant  should  begin 
a  letter  by  referring  to  any  former  one  to  which  he  has  not 
yet  received  an  answer;  he  should  then  mention  the  letter 
or  letters  he  may  have  received,  and  give  a  full  reply  to 
every  particular,  in  the  order  of  the  dates,  before  he  enters 
upon  any  new  matter.  A  merchant's  correspondence  should 
be  so  arranged  that  any  letter  of  any  date  may  be  found 


COMMERCIAL   CORRESPONDENCE.  IQ-J 

immediately.  This  facility  is  insured  by  all  letters  being 
folded  in  a  similar  form  by  the  clerk  who  receives  them 
from  the  principal  every  morning,  after  they  have  been 
read;  he  then  endorses  each  with  the  name  of  the  writer, 
the  place  and  date  of  the  letter,  and  the  day  on  which  it 
was  received,  leaving  a  corresponding  blank  whereon  to 
enter  the  date  on  which  it  may  be  answered,  which  is  sub- 
sequently done  either  by  the  merchant  himself,  or  the 
corresponding  clerk.  The  following  is  the  form  of  an 
endorsement : 

1836. 

Colin,  Blanc  &  Co. 
Boston,  sist  January. 

Received  23  J  do. 
Answered  sbth  do. 

This  practice  is  universal,  but  I  would  farther  recommend 
the  following  addition,  although  not  quite  so  common.  Let 
the  principal  subjects  of  the  letter  be  briefly  noted  imme- 
diately after  the  above  endorsement  of  the  date,  etc.,  thus, 
for  example : 

Rem  itta  n  ce  of  $1500 . 
Bill  of  lading  10  bales  of  Cotton  per  Forluna. 

Markets. 
Proposed  adventure  to  Liverpool  on  joint  account. 

Now  by  merely  looking  at  the  outside  of  the  letters  as 
they  he  in  the  parcel,  without  untying  the  tape,  you  have 
an  index  of  their  contents. 

When  the  clerk  receives  directions  verbally  he  should 
note  them  immediately  in  a  memorandum  book  kept  for 
that  purpose.  If  he  can  take  them  in  short-hand,  so  much 
the  better;  but  note  them  he  must,  unless  endowed  with  a 


108  OiMMI  l«  IAI.    f<»kRl-M'<>M»l  N<  I  . 

singularly  retentive  memory.  Indeed  a  juvenile  clerk, 
having  even  thing  to  learn,  will  do  well  to  take  notes  of 
every  occurrence  that  passes  before  him;  by  which  means 
he  will  lay  up  a  stock  of  useful  information  on  commercial 
subjects,  and  of  precedence  for  his  future  guidance;  lie  will 
also  greatly  enhance  the  value  of  his  services  and  gain  the 
good  opinion  of  his  employers,  who  will  not  fail  to  observe 
with  feelings  of  gratification  his  steadiness,  intelligence  and 
pi- 1  feet  attention  to  all  the  minute  details  of  busiir 

The  following  is  the  rijht  and  wrong  way  of  doing  the 
same  thing : 

Xi.w  YORK,  Jan.  ist,  1837. 

Missus.  ROBERTS  &  Co.,  Liverpool: 

( lentlemen  : 

We   have   to   acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  three 
letters  of  the  I2th,  i6th  and  2Oth  of  last  month. 

By  the  first  we  observe  you  have  procured  acceptance  to 
our  drafts  of  $1000  upon  Prevost  &  Co.;  in  which  we  also 
itvi-i\cd  your  account-sales  of  our  25  bales  of  cotton  per 
Amelia,  the  net  proceeds  of  which,  $2506.18,  we  have 
passed  to  your  debit  in  account-current,  having  found  the 
same  correct.  ' 

Enclosed  in  your  second  we  received  bill  of  lading  of  I'>. 
and  I).  I  to  ICO  —  one  hundred  casks  of  . \noma  skins, 
shipped  by  the  James,  Captain  (Jreen,  which  we  have 
insured  according  to  your  orders  for  £1500,  at  I  1-4  per 
it-iit.  On  the  arrival  of  these  goods  we  shall  effect  the 
best  possible  sale  of  them  for  your  account. 

l!y  your  last  we  received  instructions  to  purchase  2OO 
bear-skins,  first  quality,  and  herein  we  transmit  you  bill  of 
lading  of  the  same,  together  with  the  invoice,  amounting  to 
$1506,  with  which  we  have  debited  you  in  account-current. 
You  will  observe  that  we  have  insured  these  goods  for 


COMMERCIAL    CORRESPONDENCE.  1 09 

$1550  at  3-4  per  cent,  by  the  Rover,  Captain  Cooper,  which 
vessel  will  leave  our  port  for  yours  in  the  beginning  of  next 
month.  We  remain,  gentlemen, 

Your  very  ob't  serv'ts, 

BALDWIN  &  DAVIS. 

Gentlemen  : 

We  have  received  your  three  letters  of  the  2Oth,  I2th 
and  1 6th  of  May,  and  observe  in  one  of  them  that  you  wish 
us  to  buy  200  bear-skins  of  the  best  sort.  This  has  since 
been  done,  and  we  have  shipped  them  on  board  the  Rover, 
Captain  Cooper.  In  another  we  observe  that  Prevost  & 
Co.  have  accepted  our  drafts  for  $1000,  which  we  remitted 
you,  and  now  we  wait  upon  you  with  the  bill  of  lading  of 
the  bear-skins;  and  also  beg  to  inform  you  that  the  account- 
sales  you  sent  us  of  our  25  bale,s  of  cotton  by  the  Amelia  is 
quite  right.  Accordingly,  we  have  debited  you  with  $1506 
for  the  skins.  We  have  also  insured  the  hundred  casks  of 
skins  consigned  to  us  by  you  for  $1500.  The  premium  is 
I  1-4  per  cent.  The  amount  of  the  'account-sales  is 
$2506.18.  The  amount  of  the  invoice  is  $1506.  We 
insured  the  bear -skins  for  $1550,  at  3-4  per  cent;  and  we 
have  charged  your  account-current  with  the  amount  of  the 
invoice  and  the  account-sales.  We  received  in  one  of  the  said 
letters  the  bill  of  lading  of  the  Ancona  skins,  and  we  have 
insured  them  for  $1500,  at  I  1-4  per  cent,  and  when  we  get 
the  goods  we  will  sell  them  for  you  as  well  as  we  can, 
observing  at  the  same  time  that  they  are  marked  B.  and  D. 

I  to  100.     We  are,  etc.,  etc. 

—  FOSTER'S  CLERK'S  Gt-iui  . 


IIO  (-ARKIF.LI)'S    A1>UKI>S. 


GARFIELD'S  ADVICE  TO  YOUNG  MEN. 

To  a  young  man  who  has  in  himself  the  magnificent  possi- 
bilities of  life,  it  is  not  fitting  that  he  should  be  permanently 
commanded.  [Applause.]  You  must  not  continue  to  be  the 
employed;  you  must  be  an  employer.  You  must  be  pro- 
moted from  the  ranks  to  a  command.  There  is  something, 
young  men,  which  you  can  command;  go  and  find  it,  and 
command  it.  You  can  at  least  command  a  horse  and  dray, 
can  be  generalissimo  of  them,  and  may  carve  out  a  fortune 
with  them.  And  I  did  not  fall  on  that  illustration  by  acci- 
dent, young  gentlemen.  Do  you  know  the  fact?  If  you  do 
not  let  me  tell  it  to  you,  that  more  fortunes  have  been  won 
and  fewer  failures  in  the  dray  business  than  in  wholesale 
merchandising.  [Applause.] 

Now,  young  gentlemen,  let  me  for  a  moment  address  you 
touching  your  success  in  life,  and  I  hope  the  very  brevity  of 
my  remarks  will  increase  the  chance  of  their  making  a  lodg- 
ment in  your  minds.  Let  me  beg  you,  in  the  outset  of  your 
career,  to  dismiss  from  your  minds  all  idea  of  succeeding  by 
luck.  There  is  no  more  common  thought  among  young 
people  than  that  foolish  one  that  by-and-bye  something  will 
turn  up  by  which  they  will  suddenly  achieve  fame  or  for- 
tune. No,  young  gentlemen,  things  don't  turn  up  in  tlii> 
world  unless  somebody  turns  them  up.  Inertia  is  one  of 
the  indispensable  laws  of  matter,  and  things  lie  flat  where 
they  are  until  by  some  intelligent  spirit  (fur  nothing  but 
spirit  makes  motion  in  this  world)  they  are  endowed  with 
activity  and  life.  Do  not  dream  that  some  good  luck  is 
going  to  happen  to  you  and  give  you  a  fortune.  Luck  is  an 
i^n us  fa/uns  —  you  may  follow  it  to  ruin,  but  not  to  stii 
The  great  Napoleon,  who  believed  in  his  destiny,  followed 


GARFIELL)  S   ADDRESS.  I  I  I 

it  until  he  saw  his  star  go  down  in  blackest  night,  when 
the  Old  Guard  perished  around  him  and  Waterloo  was 
lost.  A  pound  of  pluck  is  worth  a  ton  of  luck. 

Young  men  talk  of  trusting  to  the  spur  of  the  occasion. 
'That  trust  is  vain.  Occasions  cannot  make  spurs;  you  must 
win  them.  If  you  wish  to  use  them,  you  must  buckle  them 
to  your  own  heels  before  you  go  into  the  fight.  Any  suc- 
cess you  may  achieve  is  not  worth  the  having  unless  you 
tight  for  it.  Whatever  you  win  in  life  you  must  conquer  by 
your  own  efforts,  and  then  it  is  yours  —  a  part  of  yourself. 
[Applause.] 

In  order  to  have  any  success  in  life,  or  any  worthy  suc- 
cess, you  must  resolve  to  carry  into  your  work  a  fulness  of 
knowledge,  not  merely  a  sufficiency.  In  this  respect  follow 
the  rule  of  the  machinists.  If  they  want  a  machine  to  do 
the  work  of  six  horses,  they  give  it  a  nine-horse  power,  so 
that  they  may  have  a  reserve  of  three.  To  carry  on  the 
business  of  life  you  must  have  surplus  power.  I5e  lit  for 
more  than  the  thing  you  are  now  doing.  Let  every  one 
know  that  you  have  a  reserve  in  yourself,  that  you  have 
more  power  than  you  are  now  using.  If  you  are  not  too 
large  for  the  place  you  occupy,  you  are  too  small  for  it. 
How  full  our  countiy  is  of  bright  examples,  not  only  of 
those  occupying  some  proud  eminence  in  public  life,  but  in 
every  place  you  may  find  men  going  on  with  steady  nerve, 
attracting  the  attention  of  our  fellow- citizens,  and  carving 
out  for  themselves  names  and  fortunes  from  small  and 
humble  beginnings  and  in  the  face  of  formidable  obstacles. 
Young  gentlemen,  let  not  poverty  stand  as  an  obstacle  in  your 
way ;  poverty  is  uncomfortable,  as  I  can  testify,  but  nine  times 
out  of  ten  the  best  thing  that  can  happen  to  a  young  man  is 
to  be  tossed  overboard,  and  compelled  to  sink  or  swim  for 
himself.  In  all  my  acquaintance  I  have  never  known  one 


712  GARFIELDS  ADDRESS. 

t  »  he  drowned  who  was  worth  the  saving.  [Applause.] 
This  \vould  not  be  wholly  true  in  any  country  but  one  of 
political  equity  like  ours.  The  editor  of  one  of  the  leading 
magazines  of  England  told  me,  not  many  months  ag",  ;i 
fact  startling  enough  of  itself,  but  of  great  significance  to 
a  poor  man.  He  told  me  that  he  had  never' yet  known, 
in  all  of  his  experience,  a  single  boy  of  the  class  of  farm- 
laborers  (not  those  who  own  farms,  but  mere  farm-laborers) 
who  had  ever  risen  above  his  class.  Those  from  the  man- 
ufacturing and  commercial  classes  had  risen  frequently,  but 
from  the  farm -laborer  class  he  had  never  known  one. 

The  reason  is  this :  in  the  aristocracies  of  the  Old  World 
wealth  and  society  are  built  up  like  the  strata  of  rock  which 
compose  the  crust  of  the  earth.  If  a  person  be  born  in  the 
lowest  stratum  of  life,  it  is  almost  impossible  for  him  to  rise 
through  this  hard  crust  into  the  higher  ranks;  but  in  this 
country  it  is  not  so.  The  strata  of  our  society  resemble 
rather  the  ocean,  where  every  drop,  even  the  lowest,  is  free 
to  mingle  with  all  others,  and  may  shine  at  last  on  the  crest 
of  the  highest  wave.  This  is  the  glory  of  our  country, 
young  gentlemen,  and  you  need  not  fear  that  there  are  any 
obstacles  which  will  prove  too  great  for  any  brave  heart. 
You  will  recollect  what  Burns,  who  knew  all  meanings  of 
poverty  and  struggle,  has  said  in  homely  verse, 

"Though  losses  and  cros>c- 
Be  lessons  right  severe, 
•  There's  wit  there  you'll  get  there 

You'll  find  no  other  where." 

One  thought  more  and  I  will  close.  This  is  almost  a 
sermon,  but  I  cannot  help  it,  for  the  occasion  itself  ha.-. 
given  rise  to  the  thoughts  I  am  offering  you.  Let  me 


DIAMOND    DUST.  113 

gest  that  in  giving  you  being,  God  locked  up  in  your  nature 
certain  forces  and  capabilities.  "What  will  you  do  with 
them?  Look  at  the  mechanism  of  a  clock.  Take  off  the 
pendulum  and  ratchet,  and  the  wheels  go  rattling  down, 
and  all  its  force  is  expended  in  a  moment;  but  properly 
balanced  and  regulated  it  will  go  on  letting  out  its  force 
tick  by  tick,  measuring  hours  and  days,  and  doing  faithfully 
the  service  for  which  it  was  designed.  I  implore  you  to 
cherish  and  guard  and  use  well  the  forces  that  God  has 
given  to  you.  You  may  let  them  run  down  in  a  year  if  you 
will.  Take  off  the  strong  curb  of  discipline  and  morality, 
and  you  will  be  an  old  man  before  your  twenties  are  passed. 
Preserve  these  forces.  Do  not  burn  them  out  with  brandy 
or  waste  them  in  idleness  and  crime.  [Applause.]  Do  not 
destroy  them.  Do  not  use 'them  unworthily.  Save  and 
protect  them,  that  they  may  save  for  you  fortune  and  fame. 
Honestly  resolve  to  do  this,  and  you  will  be  an  honor  to 
yourself  and  to  your  country.  [Applause.] 

Many  of  our   cares  are  but  a  morbid  way  of  looking  at 
our  privileges.  —  SCOTT. 


DIAMOND   DUST. 

lie  that  has  never  known  adversity  is  but  half  acquainted 
with  others  or  with  himself.  Constant  success  shows  us  but 
one  side  of  the  world,  for,  as  it  surrounds  us  with  friends 
who  will  tell  us  only  our  merits,  so  it  silences  those  enemies 
from  whom  alone  we  can  learn  our  defects.  _  COLTON. 

We  hear  much  now  about  circumstances  making  us  what 
we  are  and  destroying  our  responsibility,  but  however  much 


114  DIAMOND   DUST. 

the  external  circumstances  in  which  we  are  placed,  the 
temptations  to  which  we  are  exposed,  the  desires  of  our 
own  natures,  may  work  upon  us,  all  these  influences  have  a 
limit  which  they  do  not  pass,  and  that  is  the  limit  laid  upon 
them  by  the  freedom  of  the  will,  which  is  essential  to  human 
nature,  to  our  personality.  —  LITHAKDT. 

The  vast  cathedral  of  nature  is  full  of  holy  scriptures  and 
lhapes  of  deep,  mysterious  meaning,  but  all  is  solitary  and 
silent  there;  no  bended  knee,  no  uplifted  eye,  no  lip  ador- 
ing, praying.  Into  this  vast  cathedral  conies  the  human 
soul  seeking  its  Creator,  and  the  universal  silence  is  changed 
to  sound,  and  the  sound  is  harmonious  and  has  a  meaning 
and  is  comprehended  and  felt.  —  J^OSC.FELLOW. 

The  shaping  our  own  life  is  our  own  work.  It  is  a  thing 
of  beauty,  it  is  a  thing  of  shame,  as  we  ourselves  make  it. 
We  lay  the  corner  and  add  joint  to  joint,  we  give  the  pro- 
portion, we  set  the  finish.  It  may  be  a  thing  of  beauty  and 
of  joy  forever.  God  forgive  us  if  we  preverrt  our  life  from 
putting  on  its  appointed  glory.  —  \V.\KI;. 

They  who  live  most  by  themselves  reflect  most  upon 
others,  and  he  who  lives  surrounded  by  the  million  never 
thinks  of  any  but  the  one  individual,  himself.  \Ve  a: 
linked  to  our  fellow-beings  that  were  we  not  chained  to 
them  by  action  we  are  carried  to  and  connected  with  them 
by  thought.  _  Uri.wEK. 

Censure  and  criticism  never  hurt  anybody.  If  fake  they 
can't  hurt  you  unless  you  are  wanting  in  manly  character; 
and  if  true  they  show  a  man  his  weak  points,  and  forewarn 
him  against  failure  and  trouble.  —GLAUM. 

I  love  all  men.  I  know  that  at  bottom  they  cannot  be 
otherwise;  and  under  all  the  false  and  overloaded  and  glit- 


HEALTH    AND    STRENGTH.  115 

tering  masquerade,  there  is  in  every  man  a  noble  nature 
beneath,  only  they  cannot  bring  it  out;  and  whatever  they 
do  that  is  false  and  cunning  and  evil,  there  still  remains  the 
sentence  of  our  Great  Example,  "  Forgive  them,  for  they 
know  not  what  they  do."  —  AUERBACH. 


HEALTH   AND   STRENGTH. 

The  following  article  on  physical  training  is  by  Dr.  Win- 
ship  of  Boston,  who  appears  to  be  a  modern  and  civilized 
Hercules : 

It  is  easy  enough  to  write  about  the  laws  of  health,  but  as 
this  may  be  preaching  without  practicing,  we  do  not  listen 
with  that  respect  we  are  disposed  to  pay  to  the  teachings  of 
one  who  shows  us  in  his  own  person  the  practical  and  ben- 
eficial results  of  carrying  out  his  own  theories. 

The  present  movement  in  behalf  of  physical  culture 
would  seem  to  encourage  the  belief  that  a  revival  of  some 
of  those  great  convictions  in  regard  to  education  which  pre- 
vailed in  ancient  Greece  is  about-to  dawn.  Improvement 
in  one's  physical  state  can  never  be  entered  upon  too  early, 
and  so  long  as  there  is  an  atom  of  life  and  strength  never 
too  late.  Let  no  one  despair  of  success  in  the  attempt. 
Dr.  Warren  in  his  little  work  on  health  tells  us  of  a  member 
of  the  legal  profession  who  practiced  gymnastics  for  the 
first  time  and  with  the  best  results  when  nearly  seventy 
years  old.  Cornaro,  the  Italian,  whose  treatise  on  health 
and  long  life  has  given  him  a  world-wide  reputation,  began 
at  forty  to  repair  the  ravages  which  many  years  of  dissipa- 
tion had  made  upon  a  constitution  naturally  infirm,  and  in 
spite  of  the  predictions  of  all  his  physicians  and  friends,  he 


Il6  Ml  AI1H    ,\M»    SIKI  M.11I. 

succeeded   not    only   in    restoring   the   health   he  had  once 
lost,  but  in  gaining  the  health  he  had  never  experienced, 
lie  wu>  eighty  when  he  published  his  treatise,  lived  !• 
it  through  four  editions,  and  died  tranquilly  in  his  bed  after 
he  had  completed  his  one-hundredth  year. 

I  was  nearly  seventeen  years  of  age  before  I  seriously 
undertook  to  improve  my  physical  condition.  I  was  then 
but  five  feet  in  height  and  a  hundred  pounds  in  weight.  1 
was  rather  strong  for  my  si/.e,  but  not  strong  for  my  years, 
and  my  health  was  not  vigorous.  I  am  now  twenty-six  yeai-. 
of  age,  five  feet  seven  inches  in  height,  one  hundred  and 
forty-eight  pounds  in  weight.  My  strength  is  more  than 
twice  that  of  an  ordinary  man,  and  my  health  is  as  excellent 
as  my  strength.  During  these  nine  years,  while  endeavor- 
ing to  promote  my  physical  welfare,  I  have  made  the  fol- 
lowing discoveries  : 

1.  That  whatever  increased  my  strength  improved   my 
health. 

2.  That  one    means    of   improving    my    health    wa<    !••• 
increase  my  strength. 

3.  That  the  stronger  I  became  the  healthier  I  became. 

4.  That  it  was  as  easy  for  me  to  increase  the  strength  »f 
my  body  as  it  was  that  of  a  magnet. 

5.  That   by  developing  the  body   harmoniously  I   Could 
preclude  the  possibility  of  hernia  or  any  other  serious  injury 
that  otherwise  might  arise  from  an  extremely  violent  action 
of  the  muscles. 

6.  That  lifting,  if  properly  practiced,  was  the  surest  and 
quickest   method  of  producing   harmonious    development, 
while  it  was  also  the  most  strengthening  of  all  exerci-e  and 
consequently  the  most  healthful. 

7.  That  it  was  better  while  exercising  to  perform  twenty 
different  feats  once  than  one  feat  twenty  time-. 


HEALTH   AND    STRENGTH.  1  I  7 

8.  That   it   was    possible  for    me    to    take  in  fifteen  or 
twenty  minutes  all  the  gymnastic  exercise  I  should  need  in 
twenty-four  hours. 

9.  That  I  could  gain  faster  in  strength  by  forty  minutes' 
gymnastic  exercise  once  in  two  days  than  by  twenty  minutes 
of  the  same  daily 

10.  That  as  my  strength  increased  my  exercise  should  be 
more  intense  and  less  protracted, 

11.  That  increase  of  muscular  power  was  attended  with 
increase  of  the  digestive. 

12.  That   one  means  of  increasing  the  digestive  power 
was  to  increase  the  muscular. 

13.  That  many  .articles   of   food   had    formerly   proved 
indigestible  to  me,  not  because  they  were   really   unwhole- 
some, but  because  I  was  unable  to  digest  them. 

14.  That  a  person  may  be  possessed  of  great  physical 
strength  without  having  inherited  it. 

15.  That  by  increasing  the  strength  a  predisposition  to 
certain   diseases  may  be  removed,  diseases  already  present 
removed  or  mitigated. 

16.  That  increase  of  strength  cannot  long  continue  on  a 
diet  exclusively  vegetable. 

17.  That   increasing   the  strength  made   excretion   take 
place  less  from  the  skin  and  more  from  the  lungs  and  other 
emuctors. 

1 8.  That  what  benefits  a  part  of*  the  body  benefits  more 
or  less  the  whole. 

19.  That  long  before  I  succeeded  in  lifting  eleven  luin- 
dred  pounds  with  the  hands,  or  in  shouldering  a  barrel  of 


*  Generally  much  can  be  saved  by  omitting  "  of"  and  leaving  between 
the  two  words  on  either  side  of  it  much  less  space  than  usual.  '"To" 
may  also  be  advantageously  represented  by  placing  the  following  word 
below  the  line  (in  the  place  of  "  to  "  ). 


Il8  KKMARKS   OF    A    RETIRED   TRADESMAN. 

flour  from  the  floor,  I   had  ceased  to  l>e  troubled  with  sick- 
headache,  nervousness  and  indigestion. 

2O.     That  a  delicate  hoy  of  seventeen  need  not  despair  of 
becoming  in  time  a  remarkably  strong  and  healthy  man. 


Fidelity  is  seven-tenths  of  business  success.      —  PARTON. 

In  the  march  of  life  do  not  heed  the  order  of  ''right 
about"  when  you  know  you  are  about  right.  _  HOLMES. 

A  page  digested  is  better  than  a  volume  hurriedly  read. 

—  MACAULEY. 

Good  temper,  like  a  sunny  day,  sheds  a  brightness  over 
everything.  It  is  the  sweetener  of  toil  and  the  soother  of 
disquietude.  _  IRVING. 

Profound  conviction  raises  a  man  above  the  feeling  of 
ridicule.  —MILL 

The  greatest  of  melancholy  men  is  seldom  strong  and 
healthy.  _  IVUVER. 

I  feel  a  profounder  reverence  for  a  boy  than  for  a  man. 
I  never  meet  a  ragged  boy  in  the  street  without  feeling  that 
I  may  owe  him  a  salute,  for  I  know  not  what  possibilities 
may  be  buttoned  up  under  his  coat.  _  GARFIELD. 

Growth  is  better  than  permanence,  and  permanent  growth 
better  than  all.  _  GARFIELD. 


REMARKS  OF   A    RETIRED  TRADESMAN 

I  am  of  the  opinion  that  no  person,  however  humble  his 
situation  in  life,  should  quit  the  world  without  leaving 
behind  him  the  result  of  his  experience  for  the  benefit  of 


REMARKS    OF   A    RETIRED   TRADESMAN.  119 

the  rising  generation;  and  therefore  as  I  am  now  growing 
old  I  hasten  to  set  an  example. 

It  is  really  lamentable  to  see  the  number  of  young  men 
that  are  constantly  setting  up  in  business  and  as  constantly 
breaking  down.  They  seem  to  begin  the  world  without  any 
end  or  aim  —  without  any  steady  purpose,  and  with  the 
thoughtlessness  of  a  child  commence  building  a  superstruc- 
ture on  a  totally  rotten  foundation.  Many  of  those  to  whom 
I  more  particularly  allude  are  young  men  whose  incomes 
are  extremely  limited,  and  who  with  this  knowledge  before 
them  still  persist  in  plunging  heedlessly  on,  acting  upon  the 
foolish  maxim  of  "sink  or  swim."  To  reason  with  such 
persons  would  be  an  act  of  insanity.  The  issue  of  their 
folly  is  speedily  seen. 

1  shall  now  enter  upon  the  immediate  subject  of  these 
remarks.  My  object  is  to  point  out  to  you  as  briefly  as  pos- 
sible the  way  to  become  "  a  man  of  business,"  and  in  doing 
ihis  all  that  I  aim  at  is  to  give,  from  my  own  experience, 
such  hints  as  will  be  found  practically  useful.  "How  to 
get  money"  is  now  the  order  of  the  day  —  the  "one  thing 
needful"  so  far  as  worldly  matters  are  concerned.  It  is  I 
admit  an  awkward  thing  to  begin  the  world  without  a  dol- 
lar, and  yet  hundreds  of  individuals  have  raised  large 
fortunes  from  a  single  shilling.  I  know  a  gentleman,  a 
builder,  now  worth  two  hundred  thousand  dollars,  who  \\  as 
a  bricklayer's  laborer  forty  years  ago,  at  eight  shillings  per 
day.  lie  became  rich  by  acting  upon  principle.  He  has 
frequently  assured  me  that  even  when  he  was  in  this 
employment  he  contrived  to  save  three  shillings  a  day  out 
of  his  earnings,  and  thus  laid  by  one  hundred  dollars  per 
annum.  From  this  moment  his  fortune  was  made.  Like  a 
hound  upon  the  right  scent,  the  game  sooner  or  later  was 
sure  to  become  his  own.  He  possessed  an  indomitable 


I2O  KKMARKS   OF   A    RETIRED   TRADESMAN. 

>piiit  df  industry,  perseverance  ami  I  urcAi.i  I Y,  and  the  first 
one  hundred  dollars  he  realued  became  the  foundation  for 
thousands. 

The  world  at  large  would  call  this  man  fortunate,  and 
ascribe  his  prosperity  to  good  luck;  but  Ihe  world  would  be 
very  wrong  in  doing  ,so.  If  there  was  any  luck  at  all  in  the 
matter  it  was  the  luck  of  possessing  a  clear  head  and  active 
hands,  by  means  of  which  multitudes  of  others  hr.ve  carved 
out  their  own  fortunes,  as  well  as  the  person  to  whom  I 
allude.  Franklin  and  Girard  may  be  mentioned  as  instances 
of  this;  they  adapted  the  means  to  the  end,  a  process  which 
commands  a  never-failing  success.  In  brief  they  were  ;«••;/ 
of  business. 

By  "business"  I  mean  habit.  Paradoxical  as  it  may 
appear  at  first  sight,  business  is  nothing  in  the  world  but 
habit,  the  soul  of  which  is  regularity.  Like  the  fly-wheel 
upon  a  steam  engine,  regularity  keeps  the  motion  of  life 
steady  and  unbroken,  thereby  enabling  the  machine  to  do 
its  work  unobstructedly.  Without  regularity  your  notion-* 
as  a.  man  of  bu>ine>s  may  be  excellent,  but  they  will  m-\ri 
be  profitable.  Picture  to  yourself  a  ship  without  a  rudder, 
a  lock  without  a  key,  a  house  without  a  roof,  or  a  carriage 
without  wheels;  these  are  types  of  all  attempts  to  do  bu>i- 
ness  without  regularity  —  all  useless. 

The  force  of  example  is  the  greatest  force  in  the  world, 
because  it  is  the  force  of  habit,  which  has  been  truly  and 
appropriately  called  a  second  nature.  Its  overwhelming 
influence  is  so  great  that  honest  men  become  rogues  by 
contact.  Do  you  imagine  yourself  exempt  from  the  conta- 
gion? If  strong-minded  men  have  frequently  fallen  victims 
to  evil  examples,  how  shall  the  weak  escape?  Very  easily. 
Do  not  submit  yourself  to  it.  The  preliminaries  of  tempta- 
tion are  easy  to  be  avoided,  however  difficult  the  subsequent 


REMARKS   OF   A    RETIRED   TRADESMAN.  121 

coils  may  be  to  unwind.  If  you  mean  to  make  your  way  in 
the  world,  look  about  you  and  ensure  your  well-doing  by 
copying  the  habits  and  following  the  example  of  those  only 
whose  conduct,  experience  and  success  entitle  them  to  the 
character  of  models. 

WANT  OF  CAPITAL.  It  would  be  nonsense  to  affirm  that 
capital  is  not  necessary  in  business,  and  yet  I  have  known 
many  who  have  risen  to  great  affluence  without  it,  in  the 
first  instance.  Assuming  that  you  have  little  or  none  to 
begin  with,  your  task  will  be  more  difficult  than  if  you  had 
sufficient  funds  at  your  command.  But  do  not  let  the  want 
of  money  intimidate  you.  If  you  are  sincere  in  your  inten- 
tions, if  you  are  favored  with  an  average  quantity  of  com- 
mon sense,  and  withal  industrious,  temperate  and  econom- 
ical, you  need  not  let  the  want  of  capital  be  a  stumbling 
block  in  your  way.  If  you  are  respectable,  straight- forward 
and  acquainted  with  the  business  you  are  about  to  under- 
take, you  will  find  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  credit  sufficient 
to  enable  you  to  open  shop  to  advantage.  But  you  must 
reccollect  that  in  this  case  you  will  be  trading  upon  other 
people's  money,  and  it  behooves  you  as  a  consequence  to 
manage  your  business  with  the  strictest  economy  and  pru- 
dence.. 

"Money  makes  money"  is  a  vulgar  but  true  adage. 
Argument  would  be  supererogatory  in  proving  the  advan- 
tages which  capital  affords  to  its  possessor.  But  there  are 
two  ways  of  using  it,  a  right  and  a  wrong.  The  only  legit- 
imate use  of  capital  is  to  be  out  of  debt.  To  be  out  of  debt 
under  any  circumstances  is  an  inestimable  blessing,  but 
more  particularly  so  in  mercantile  business,  where  pecuniary 
obligations  are  of  necessity  much  larger  than  in  private  or 
personal  affairs.  I  do  not  envy  that  man  who  having  one 
thousand  dollars  in  capital  endeavors  to  trade  upon  twenty 


122  KKMARKS    OF    A    KKIIKKU    T! 

thousand,  and  yet  this  i>  done  more  frequently  than  other- 
\\i--c.  .Winning  his  speculations  to  he  fortunate,  the  means 
are  so  ill  adapted  to  the  end  that  a  constant  oscillation  of 
feeling  and  anxiety  are  invariably  created  in  consequence. 
Keep  within  bounds  is  the  best  advice  that  can  be  given  to 
any  one  with  a  moderate  capital.  Over-trading  is  the  great 
bane  of  most  young  tradesmen.  Naturally  anxious  "to  do 
business,"  they  forget  that  buying  and  selling  do  not  neces- 
sarily imply  profitable  transactions;  and  they  are  too  often 
disappointed,  when  the  debtor  and  creditor  sides  come 
together,  to  find  that  they  have  gained  their  trouble  for 
their  remuneration.  It  is  much  better  to  do  a  little  business 
safely  than  a  great  deal  which  is  tinged  with  any  matter  of 
doubt. 

CIVILITY.  "Civility  is  cheap,"  says  the  old  proverb. 
That  perhaps  is  the  reason  why  it  is  so  little  cultivated.  If 
a  man  would  thrive  in  trade  he  must  learn  to  be  civil  and 
even  polite  on  all  occasions  a>-d  to  all  sorts  of  customers. 
A  connection  is  not  soon  formed,  and  can  only  be  secured 
by  unwearied  attention  to  business.  The  tradesman  must 
study  the  whims  and  caprices  of  his  customers  in  every  par- 
ticular; and  if  they  occupy  his  time  for  hours  and  in  the 
end  lay  out  no  more  than  a  shilling,  still  he  must  appear 
satisfied  and  by  no  means  out  of  temper. 

Ri:i;ri.Ai;i  rv.  I  do  not  err  in  affirming  that  one  individual 
who  is  methodical  in  his  busine>s  can  with  ease  perform  the 
work  of  six  men  who  set  order  and  regularity  at  defiance. 
The  one  by  unity  of  action  clears  as  he  goes;  the  latter 
make  work  for  each  other,  and  after  all  nothing  is  done 
properly.  A  merchant  or  tradesman  must  be  peremptory 
on  this  point;  every  day  furnishes  employment  enough  of 
itself,  and  there  needs  no  accumulation  of  what  ought  to 
have  been  done  the  day  previously.  On  commencing  biui- 


REMARKS   OF   A   RETIRED   TRADESMAN.  123 

ness  economy  should  be  the  first  consideration.  It  is  useless 
to  employ  more  hands  about  your  establishment  than  you 
can  keep  constantly  at  work.  It  is  better  as  a  rule  to  give 
a  liberal  salary  to  one  industrious  young  man  who  has  your 
interest  at  heart  than  to  employ  several  clerks  at  low  salaries 
of  whom  you  know  little  or  nothing.  Your  own  time,  also, 
should  be  exclusively  devoted  to  business,  which  will  effect 
a  saving  of  at  least  six  salaries.  Acting  upon  this  principle, 
whether  you  employ  few  or  many  assistants,  you  will  find 
that  your  best  interests  are  consulted. 

ENGAGEMENTS.  A  man  of  business  without  his  diary  or 
engagement  book  is  like  a  body  without  a  soul,  incapable  of 
action.  To  have  a  perfect  and  complete  register  of  all  your 
engagements  for  days  and  weeks  to  come  is  no  indifferent 
matter  to  any  one  who  desires  to  be  punctual  and  prepared 
for  them,  especially  when  the  means  are  at  hand.  One  of 
the  first  principles  with  the  man  of'business  should  be  not  to 
depend  upon  his  recollection  for  anything.  If  orders  arrive, 
if  bills  are  to  be  paid  or  received,  if  appointments  are  made 
for  any  purpose  whatever —  in  fact  if  anything  is  to  be  done, 
set  it  down  in  writing.  To  do  this  however  to  any  advan- 
tage it  must  be,  like  everything  else,  done  by  system;  for 
an  irregular  and  heterogeneous  mass  of  memoranda  can  be 
of  no  use  to  any  one.  The  arrangement  should  insure 
prompt  information.  For  this  purpose  prepare  a  small  book 
ruled  with  divisions  for  each  day  in  the  week,  and  arrange 
the  days,  dates,  months,  etc.,  according  to  the  nature  and 
extent  of  your  engagements.  In  this  book  you  should  enter 
in  advance  every  appointment  that  has  been  made,  every- 
thing that  has  to  be  done,  and  all  monies  that  are  to  be 
paid  or  received  on  particular  days.  By  turning  to  this 
diary  every  morning  regularly  the  business  of  the  day  will 


be  at  once  apparent,  and  nothing  can   by  any  possibility  be 
forgotten  or  overlooked. 

!'  M  ii  AI.ITY.  Show  me  a  man  who  keeps  his  appoint- 
ments, and  1  will  show  you  a  man  of  business.  A  trades- 
man should  never  be  behind  time  one  minute.  Attention  to 
this  apparently  minor  consideration  has  been  the  making  of 
thousands  of  individuals.  It  prove-*  a  man  to  be  active  and 
industrious  and  one  who  is  alive  to  all  the  duties  of  his  call- 
ing. It  causes  him  to  be  well  spoken  of  and  creates  a  con- 
fidence in  his  integrity  that  may  be  of  vast  service  to  him 
through  life.  In  my  multifarious  transactions  with  the 
world  I  have  seen  so  many  and  so  great  evils  resulting  from 
a  want  of  punctuality  that  I  feel  bound  to  urge  its  observ- 
ance as  a  most  solemn  duty. 

KKIKM>S  ANI>  KKI.ATIONS.  The  young  man  in  business  in 
a  case  of  distiess  can  obtain  from  a  stranger  infinitely 
greater  commiseration  and  always  more  relief  than  he  can 
from  his  friends  or  relatives,  for  "pity  is  poor  relief."  An 
application  for  a  trifling  loan  is  met  by  one's  friends  with  a 
thousand  "hems"  and  "  hahs  '.  "  First  comes  a  lectu: 
imprudence;  next  the  necessity  of  caution;  then  a  hint  that 
ire  a  novice  in  your  business,  and  that  //"they  lent  you 
the  sum  you  would  be  none  the  better  for  it,  etc.  If  your 
relatives  condescend  to  deal  with  you,  there  are  continual 
complaints  of  the  commodities  with  which  they  are  supplied. 
They  fancy  you  buy  your  goods  cheap  for  the  purpose  of 
making  them  pay  dearly  for  them  !  In  short  there  is  no 
giving  satisfaction;  therefore,  my  young  friends,  if  you  are 
willing  to  take  my  advice  you  will  live  totally  independent 
in  money  matters  of  all  your  kindred.  If  you  succeed  in 
the  world  and  are  well  oft,  then  indeed  they  will  flock 
around  your  standard  and  say  everything  that  is  good  of 
you  —  because  you  are  not  likely  to  borrow  money  ! 


SERMON   HV   RF.V.  C.   H.  SPURGEON. 
"By  grace  are  ye  saved   through  faith."       Ephesians   2:8. 

I  mean  to  dwell  mainly  upon  that  expression  "Through 
faith."  I  call  attention  however,  first  of  all,  to  the  fountain- 
head  of  our  salvation,  which  is  the  grace  of  God.  Because 
God  is  gracious,  therefore  sinful  men  are  forgiven,  con- 
verted, puritied  and  saved.  It  is  not  because  of  anything  in 
them  or  that  ever  can  be  in  them  that  they  are  saved,  but 
because  of  the  boundless  love,  goodness,  pity,  compassion, 
mercy  and  grace  of  God.  Faith  occupies  the  position  of  a 
channel  or  conduit  pipe.  Grace  is  the  fountain  and  the 
stream;  faith  is  the  aqueduct*  along  which  the  flood  of 
mercy  flows  down  to  refresh  the  thirsty  sons  of  men.  It  is 
a.  great  pity  when  the  aqueduct  is  broken.  The  aqueduct 
must  be  kept  entire  to  convey  the  current;  and  even  so 
faith  must  be  true  and  sound,  leading  right  up  to  God  and 
coming  right  down  to  ourselves,  that  it  may  become  a  ser- 
viceable channel  of  mercy  to  our  souls. 

I.  What  is  faith  ?  It  is  made  up  of  three  things  — 
knowledge,  belief  and  trust.  I  want  to  be  informed  of  a 
fact  before  I  can  possibly  believe  it.  "Faith  cometh  by 
hearing;  "  we  must  first  hear,  in  order  that  we  may  know 
what  is  to  be  believed.  Then  the  mind  goes  on  to  believe 
that  these  things  are  true.  The  soul  believes  that  God  is, 
and  that  he  hears  the  cries  of  sincere  hearts.  Then  the 
heart  believes  that  Jesus  is  verily  and  in  truth  our  God  and 


*  See  large  hooks  on  page  40;  and  here  the  author  would  recommend 
the  student  to  read  over  carefully  the  remainder  of  the  rules  of  procedure, 
abbreviations,  etc.,  before  studying  them  in  detail,  as  these  require  a 
great  deal  of  practice ;  and  as  our  space  is  somewhat  limited  we  give 
some  of  them  now. 


120  SERMON    15Y    C.  H.  5PURGEON. 

Savior,  the  Redeemer  of  men,  the  Prophet,  Priest  and  King 
unto  his  people.  So  far  you  have  made  an  advance  towards 
faith,  and  one  more  ingredient  is  needed  to  complete  it, 
which  is  trust.  Commit  yourself  to  the  merciful  God. 
Trust  is  the  life-blood  of  faith;  there  is  no  saving  faith 
without  it.  The  Puritans  were  accustomed  to  explain  faith 
by  the  word  "recumbency."  You  see  me  leaning  upon 
this  rail,  leaning  with  all  my  weight  upon  it;  even  thus  lean 
upon  Christ.  It  would  be  a  better  illustration  still  if  I  were 
to  stretch  myself  at  full  length  and  rest  my  whole  person 
upon  a  rock.  Faith  is  believing  that  Christ  is  what  lie  is 
said  to  be,  that  he  will  do  what  he  has  promised  to  do,  and 
expecting  this  of  him.  The  scriptures  speak  of  Jesus  Christ 
as  being  perfect  in  his  character,  and  being  made  a  sin- 
offering  on  our  behalf.  The  scriptures  further  tell  us  that 
he  "rose  again.''  We  are  most  firmly  to  believe  that  it  is 
even  so;  for  this  is  the  testimony  of  God  the  Father  when 
he  said,  "This  is  my  beloved  Son;  hear  ye  him."  Faith 
also  believes  that  Christ  will  do  what  he  has  promised; 
that  if  he  has  promised  to  cast  out  none  that  come  to  him, 
it  is  certain  that  he  will  not  cast  us  out  if  we  come  to  hur . 
Then  comes  the  next  necessary  step.  Jesus  is  what  he  is 
said  to  be.  I  rest  upon  his  promise  that  he  will  do  even  as 
he  has  said.  This  is  a  saving  faith,  and  he  that  hath  it 
hath  everlasting  life.  Faith  exists  in  various  degrees. 
When  you  are  down  at  the  seaside  you  will  see  the  limpet 
sticking  to  the  rock.  He  cannot  tell  us  much  about  what 
he  is  clinging  to;  he  is  not  acquainted  with  the  geological 
formation  of  the  rock,  but  he  clings.  Thousands  of  God's 
people  have  no  more  faith  than  this;  they  know  enough  to 
cling  to  Jesus  with  all  their  heart  and  soul,  and  this- suffices. 
God  gives  to  his  people  the  propensity  to  cling.  Every 
child  of  God  has  his  tendrils  about  him  —  thoughts  and 


desires  and  hopes,  with  which  he  clings  to  Christ  and  the 
promises.  We  can  cling  when  we  can  do  nothing  else,  and 
that  is  the  very  soul  of  faith.  Another  form  of  faith  is  this, 
in  which  a  man  depends  upon  another  from  the  knowledge 
of  the  superiority  bf  that  other,  and  follows  him.  A  blind 
man  trusts  himself  with  his  guide  because  he  knows  that  his 
friend  can  see.  Every  boy  that  goes  to  school  has  to  exert 
faith  while  learning.  The  boy  does  not  himself  know  that 
the  things  he  learns  are  true,  except  that  he  believes  his 
teacher.  Almost  all  that  you  and  I  know  has  come  to  us  by 
faith.  A  scientific  discovery  has  been  made,  and  we  believe 
it  on  the  authority  of  certain  well  known  men  of  learning. 
A  lady  is  the  wife  of  the  most  eminent  physician  of  the  day. 
She  is  seized  with  a  dangerous  illness,  yet  she  is  wonderfully 
calm  and  quiet,  for  her  husband  has  made  this  disease  his 
special  study.  Her  faith  is  reasonable  and  natural.  A  firm 
form  of  faith  rises  out  of  assured  knowledge.  Look  at  the 
faith  of  a  master  mariner.  For  weeks  or  even  months  he 
never  sees  sail  or  shore;  he  has  trusted  in  his  compass.  It 
is  a  wonderful  thing,  that  sailing  without  sight.  "Blessed 
are  they  that  have  not  seen,  yet  have  believed."  Faith 
makes  it  easy  to  commit  our  soul  and  all  its  eternal  interests 
into  the  Savior's  keeping.  Look  at  the  ploughman.  He 
labors  with  his  plow  in  the  wintry  months.  He  takes  the 
precious  corn  and  he  buries  it,  assured  that  it  will  come  up 
again.  This  is  a  fair  picture  of  the  faith  which  grows  of 
experience. 

II.  We  shall  no\v  enquire  why  faith  is  selected  as  the 
channel*  of  salvation.  Faith  which  receives  Christ  is  as 
simple  an  act  as  when  your  child  receives  an  apple  from 
vou.  God  selects  faith  as  the  channel  of  salvation  because 


*  When  L  follows  a  hook,  wave  the  hook  slightly. 


128  SKRM<»\    I1V    C.   II. 


it  i-,  ;i  sine  method,  linking  man  \\iih  Cod.  \Vhcn  man 
Confides  in  God  there  is  a  point  of  union  between  them,  and 
that  union  guarantees  blessing.  Faith  saves  us  because  it 
makes  us  cling  to  Cod,  and  so  brings  us  into  connection 
with  him.  And  faith  is  chosen  again  because  it  touches  the 
springs  of  action.  If  I  walk  across  this  platform  it  is 
because  I  believe  my  legs  will  carry  me.  God  gives  salva- 
tion to  our  faith  because  he  has  thus  touched  the  secret 
springs  of  all  our  emotions  and  actions.  He  has,  so  to 
speak,  taken  possession  of  the  battery,  and  now  he  can 
send  the  sacred  current  to  every  part  of  our  nature.  Faith 
is  an  act  of  the  understanding;  but  it  also  proceeds  from 
the  heart.  Love  to  God  is  obedience,  love  is  holiness. 
Moreover,  faith  creates  peace  and  joy;  he  that  hath  it  re-ts 
and  is  tranquil,  is  glad  and  joyous. 

III.  We  close  with  the  third  point,  how  can  we  obtain 
and  increase  our  faith.  A  very  earnest  question  this  to 
many.  Let  us  be  practical  in  our  dealing  with  it.  If  you 
have  a  difficulty,  take  it  to  God  in  prayer.  Tell  the  great 
Father  exactly  what  it  is  that  puzzles  you,  and  beg  him  by 
his  Holy  Spirit  to  solve  the  question.  I  would  add  next, 
consider  the  testimony  of  others.  The  Samaritans  believi-d 
because  of  what  the  women  told  them  concerning  Je-,u>. 
Many  of  our  beliefs  arise  out  of  the  testimony  of  others. 
I  believe  I  shall  die;  I  have  never  died,  but  a  great  many 
have  done  so  whom  I  once  knew,  and  I  have  a  conviction 
that  I  shall  die  also.  As  you  listen  to  one  after  another  of 
those  who  have  tried  the  word  of  God  and  proved  it,  the 
divine  Spirit  will  lead  you  to  believe.  A  better  plan  still  is 
this  :  note  the  authority  upon  which  you  are  commanded  to 
believe,  and  this  will  greatly  help  you.  You  are  com- 
manded to  believe  upon  the  authority  of  God  himself.  He 
bids  you  to  believe  Jesus  Christ,  and  you  must  not  refuse  to 


SERMON    KY    C.  H.  SPURGEON.  129 

obey  your  Maker.  If  that  does  not  settle  you,  think  over 
what  it  is  that  you 'have  to  believe,  that  the  Lord  Jesus 
Christ  suffered  in  the  room  and  place  and  stead  of  men,  and  is 
able  to  save  all  who  trust  him.  If  none  of  these  things  avail, 
then  there  is  something  wrong  about  you  altogether,  and  my 
last  word  is,  submit  yourself  to  God  !  May  the  Spirit  of 
God  take  away  your  enmity  and  make  you  yield.  You  are 
a  rebel,  a  proud  rebel,  and  that  is  why  you  do  not  believe 
your  God.-  Give  up  your  rebellion;  throw  down  your 
weapons;  yield  at  discretion;  surrender  to  your  King.  1 
believe  that  never  did  a  soul  throw  up  its  hands  in  self- 
despair  and  cry,  "Lord,  I  yield,"  but  what  faith  became 
easy  to  it  before  long.  Submit,  O  man.  Yield  to  your 
God,  and  then  shall  you  sweetly  believe  in  your  Savior, 
(iod  bless  you,  for  Christ's  sake,  and  bring  you  at  this  very 
moment  to  believe  in  the  Lord  Jesus. 


NOTE.  In  all  works  on  short-hand  it  is  not  customary  to 
give  the  key  to  any  article  that  has  the  vowels  in  it,  as  time,, 
patience  and  perseverance  will  enable  a  person  to  decipher 
it  without. 


130  LA\V    KKl'OKT. 


I.A\V    RKI'ORT 

(Thi-.  i-,  ;in  extract  from  a  re|x>rt  of  an  .1.  m.il  c  .(^_-  in  I'ostnn,  with  the 
name-,  changed.) 

1-dRM    OK    11II.K    TA'.I, 
To  be  written  ,\t  the  beginning  of  each  case: 


'•ior  Court,  Second  Session. 


'•^/'iiti^/i  ng<iin>t  II.  &  T.  A'.  A'. 

n,  Jitnf  6,  73. 

Testimony  sf  Direct.  X.  Kd.         A'.\. 

/;•/,':  Mosh-r.'iliaugA,  /  77 

Ciidjo  Blackiiuin,  10  1  1 

Patrick  W  Wani&an,  12  12  14 

.li^.  of  B.  D.  Grover,  15 
,hy.  ofj.  l\  Cornell,  17 
Judge  s  charge,  ao 

jfohn  jfont't.  Stenographer, 

P.  O.  Box  - 


LAW    REPORT.  1 31 

FORM    OK    FIRST    PAGE, 
To  be  written  every  day. 

Superior  Court,  Second  Session, 

Frilz  Mcolersbaugli 

i<s.  $rd  day. 

Boston  &  Texas  J\.A.  Co. 

Before  Hon.  Wm.  E.  Brown  and  a  jury. 

Boston,  June  6,  73. 
Appearances. 

For  plaintiff, 

I  Tut.  P,  Cornell,  Esq. 

For  defendant, 

Judge  B.  D.  Graver. 

Frilz  Mootersbaugh  sworn. 

(MR.  CORNELL.)     What  is  your  full  name? 
My  name  is  Freetz  Mootersbaugh. 

What  do  you  do  for  a  living? 

My  beesness  is  a  pedtler. 

And  you  live  where  ? 
In  Poston. 

State  what  you  know  about  this  case. 

•Pout  the  virst  of  Channary  eighdeen  seventy  tree  T 
fix  up  my  pundle  mit  merchandice  and  went  to  the 
Poston  and  Texas  railroad  tepot  in  Poston.  I  take 
von  pundle  mit  me,  and  anutter  pundle,  de  pigger 
pundle  —  I  haf  got  a  brutter-in-law  and  he  hellup'd 


132  LAW    KM 'OR  I. 

me  to  carry  dat  punclle.  Ket  vas  early  in  de  morning 
an'  I  vent  into  near  de  paggage  room  like  1  dune  it 
pefore,  a  goot  many  dimes  pcfore.  I  u/cd  to  go  dere 
for  two  tree  years  pcfore  already,  und  he  ask  me  eef 
I  had  a  teeket,  und  I  showed  him  my  teeket  and 
:i>ked  him  to  check  my  pundles  to  Bootveel.  Ven  I 
came  to  Bootveel  de  pigger  pundle  vas  not  dcre. 

\\Vie  there  any  other  questions  asked  you  in  the  baggage 

jotmi  in  Bo>ton  ? 

De  paggage  master  used  to  know  me  for  some  dime, 
und  he  sail,  "  Helloh  !  I  suppose  you  are  going  lo 
Bootveel,"  or  someding  like  dot,  you  know;  dot  ee^ 
the  vay  he  sail  it. 

\Vlien   did  you  go  to  Bootville   after   having  your  bundle 

checked? 

I  vent  de  same  drain. 

And  you  get  to  Bootville  from    Boston  by  the  same  train 

that  you  leave  Boston  in? 
Ya-e  sur. 

Does  the  train  go  through  to  Bootville? 
No  sur,  dere  is  a  chainche  of  cars. 

Have  you  any  recollection  as  to  what  you  did  immediately 

upon  your  arrival  at  Bootville? 

I  dook  dot  shmall  bundle  and  vent  peddling  for  a 
vile,  und  I  find  out  they  didn't  got  settled  dot  day, 
that  they  got  settled  de  same  day  in  the  afternoon  at 
half  past  seex  in  the  factory,  und  I  vent  back  to  the 
depot  to  see  vere  de  oder  pundle  is,  und  I  deedn't 
tind  him. 

What  did  you  do  when  you  found  your  other  bundle  was 

not  there? 

Der  depot  master  vorks  in  dcr  factory,  zo  ven  I  first 
came  dere  1  didn't  find  him,  and  ven  he  cooms  I 


LAW   REPORT.  133 

showed  him  dot  sheck  and  dold  heem  I  had  got  to 
get  a  pundle  here,  "Dot  pundle  didn't  come  yet,"  he 
said;  "I  vill  haf  to  go  to  Poston,"  he  sais,  "and  find 
out  in  the  office  in  the  paggage  room." 

Did  you  say  anything  to  any  one  else  about  this  matter  at 

that  time  ? 

I  vent  to  Poston  dot  time  you  know,  und  enquired 
of  the  paggage  master,  and  he  sail  he  don't  know 
anything.  He  dold  me  to  go  to  the  headt  man,  I 
don't  know  vat  he  is. 

What   head  man?     If  you  mean  the  superintendent  why 

don't  you  say  so? 

De  next  to  de  sooberindendant.  I  don't  know  who 
he  is.  Der  gashier  or  somebody  else. 

Will  you  state  to  the  court  and  the  jury  what  the  men  said 

when  you  made  your  complaint  to  them. 

I  showed  dem  dot  sheck  and  dey  dold  me  dey  vould 
dry  to  find  out  vere  dot  pundle  is.  I  shall  come  in 
dere  in  a  day,  und  dey  vood  dry  and  find  him. 

Who  do  you  mean  by  him? 

I  mean  to  de  head  man. 

What  did  you  mean,  that  he  would  try  to  find  the  bundle  ? 
Yase,  dot  he  vood  try  and  tind  dot  pundle. 

Just  state  what  was  in  that  bundle  and  what  it  was  worth. 

(GROVER.)     I  will  admit  that  it  is  of  the  same  value 
as  was  testified  to  before. 
(CORNELL.)     $233  about. 

(COURT.)     What  kind  of  dry  goods  were  they? 

(Witness  reads  off  a  list  of  dry  goods  in  the  bundle.) 

(CORNELL.)     As  far  as  you  saw  at  Bootville  was  there  such 

a  large  crowd  of  people  there,  or  — 

Objected  to  as  leading. 


134 

I>o  you  kinnv  how  many  got  out  uf  the  tiain  before  you  at 
liootville? 

1  couldn't  dell  you  how  many  deie  vt-ic 

Cross  l:.\aiiiiiiatioii. 

((ikoVKK.)       Mi.    Moiherspaw,   you   have    le.stilied    to    this 
matter  before,  have  you  not? 

Vase  sur. 

These  goods  were  goods  you  had  bought  for  ihe  purpose  of 
soiling  and  making  some  money  on,  L  suppose? 

Vase  sur. 
(COkNH  i  .)     What  you  call  merchandise? 

I  don't  know  vat  you  call  it  in  English;  I  call  it  try 

goods. 


Sweet  are  the  uses  of  adversity. 

Which,  like  the  toad,  ugly  and  venomous, 

Wears  yet  a  precious  jewel  in  his  head; 

And  this  our  life,  exempt  from  public  haunt, 

Finds  tongues  in  trees,  books  in  running  brooks, 

Sermons  in  stones,  and  good  in  everything. 

—  SnAKESI'RAKK. 


WORDS    FOR    PRACTICE 


ON    THE    RULES    OK    PROCEDURE. 


WORDS    WITH    THE    PREFIXES    CON    AM)    COM. 

Conceal,  command,  conceit,  commission,  consent,  com- 
mence, conceive,  commingle,  concentrate,  commit,  concep- 
tion, compound,  concern,  comprehend,  concession,  com- 
press, conciliate,  compromise,  concise,  compel,  conclude, 
compulsion,  concord,  compute,  concourse,  comrade,  con- 
cretion, compunction,  concurrence,  comprise,  concussion, 
compact,  condemnation,  commute,  condense,  complete,  con- 
descend, complex,  condition,  compatible,  conduct,  compeer, 
confederate,  combat,  conference,  combination,  confess, 
combustion,  confide,  comatose,  confirm,  comfort,  conflagra- 
tion, comical,  conflict,  comedian,  confluence,  commentary, 
conform,  composed,  confound,  complaint,  confront,  com- 
petitor,  confusion,  complaisance,  congenial,  compositor, 
congestion,  computer,  congratulate,  compartment,  congre- 
gate, companion,  conjecture,  community,  conjoin,  conjunc- 
tive, connect,  conscience. 

WORDS   DISJOINED    FOR   CON   AND   COM. 

Inconsistent,  accompany,  reconcile,  accommodate,  incon- 
solable, accomplish,  misconduct,  incomprehensible,  incon- 
stant, incompatible,  incontinent,  excommunicate,  uncon- 
scious decompose,  uncontrollable,  recompense,  inconclusive, 


i  v>  VVOKD^  KOK    PR  \<TK:K. 

recommend,  inconsumable,  uncommon,  non-conduction, 
inconvenience,  incompressible,  incommode,  non-conformity, 
incompletion,  unconnected,  incomplete,  unconfined,  incom- 
petent, unconditional,  incomparably,  inconcealable,  inonn- 
pact,  incongenial,  incompassionate,  in  consequence,  incon- 
siderate, inconvenient. 

WORDS  WITH  I.NU  AS  A  TERMINATION. 

Jumping,  running,  tasting,  dying,  meeting,  reading,  har- 
moni/ing,  disbelieving,  pitying,  inquiring,  moving,  escaping, 
ivilecting,  burying,  conquering,  assigning,  whitening,  racing, 
dreading,  memorizing,  stumping,  indulging,  solving,  demon- 
strating, transplanting,  developing,  surprising,  transcribing, 
investigating,  subscribing,  intending,  corresponding,  prom- 
ising, expressing,  distributing,  tracing,  exercising. 

WORDS    WITH    INC    INTKKVKNINC. 

Meetings,  doings,  proceedings,  savings,  bearings,  writings, 
seemingly,  accordingly,  amazingly,  daringly,  surprisingly, 
pityingly,  knowingly,  sympathizingly,  laughingly,  unerringly, 
confidingly,  complainingly,  during  the,  having  a,  pushing 
the,  seeing  them,  telling  us,  leaving  the  place,  following  the 
track,  going  from,  building  the  house  and  moving  in. 

WORDS  wim  THK  ST  i.oor. 

Against,   destiny,   August,   vast,  best,  boast,   mist,    co.v-t, 

,    fast,  rest,   last,   cast,   mast,   amongst,   protest,    .: 
confessed,   condensed,   compressed,   disgraced,  justify,   dis- 
tance. 

WORDS    WITH    THK    STR    l.tjol'. 

Moisture,  boaster,  rooster,  distrust,  distract,  distribution, 
foster,  obstruct,  abstract,  administer,  master,  spinster,  dustei, 
faster,  castor,  muster,  lustre,  destruction. 


WORDS    FOR    PRACTICE.  137 

\VOKUS   WITH   THE   SHUN    HOOK. 

Action,  potion,  revision,  division,  addition,  reduction, 
auction,  unction,  quotation,  resolution,  accommodation, 
combination,  affectation,  reflection,  mission,  meditation, 
adoption,  communication,  mortification,  condition,  suspicion, 
precaution. 

SHORTENING   FOR   T. 

Date,  fate,  mate,  left,  moat,  mat,  relate,  shaft,  tempt, 
chipped,  thatched,  remit,  orbit,  ticket,  ultimate,  foothold, 
cotton,  bottom,  written,  ascertain,  indict,  unfit,  malt,  fleets,  , 
part,  caught,  bought,  foot,  shut,  multitude,  constant,  sepa- 
rate, cement,  concrete,  constituent,  esteem,  intimation, 
notify,  capitulate,  legitimate,  inaptitude,  right-hand,  candi- 
date, infatuate,  fatal. 

LENGTHENED   CURVES. 

Theatre,  Easter,  shorter,  centre,  shutter,  smoother,  slen- 
der, tender,  render,  eccentric,  neither,  the  other,  slaughter, 
wonder,  wilderness,  philanthropy,  was  there,  concentration, 
thunder. 

I.    HOOK. 

Plea,  play,  clay,  blow,  glad,  glee,  glow,  plight,  plow,  cal- 
culate, feeble,  display,  nobly,  manly,  passable,  disciple, 
traceable,  complain,  complete,  supply,  sable,  glitter,  appli- 
cableness,  pliableness,  corruptible,  Annable,  faithfulness, 
considerable,  plausible,  sensible,  forcible,  capable,  terrible, 
durable,  clerk. 

R   HOOK. 

Crew,  drink,  crucify,  creature,  distress,  dreamer,  dreadful, 
careful,  preacher,  friend,  detriment,  trigonometry,  trans- 
verse, transcribe,  tradition,  promise,  trust,  prodigal,  prog- 
ress, preparation,  prayerful,  drawbridge,  brave,  bribe, 


138  WORMS     H>K     1'K.VIH   I  . 

brought,  bridegroom,  bring,  breathe,  credible,  cross,  cramp, 
critical,  comprise,  deprive,  defray,  compress,  .-trive,  extra. 


N   HOOK. 


Mind,  tin,  stand,  kind,  fan,  demand,  complain,  detain, 
defend,  send,  finish,  admonish,  friendship,  diminish,  hap- 
pen, rain,  even,  alone,  puni>h,  none,  man,  remain,  incon- 
venient, maintain,  humanity,  machine,  imagine,  suddenly. 


I     AMi    V    HOOK. 


Rival,  tough,  care,  defender,  advocate,  brave,  extrava- 
gance, gave,  cough,  glove,  deafen,  divide,  pave,  strive-fe, 
drive,  profit,  divinity,  prove,  define. 


Twine,  dwell,  twin,  can  we,  twice,  it  was,  twelve,  dwarf, 
queer,  queen,  dwindle,  twist,  twinkle,  twenty,  ^anguine, 
anguish,  vanquish,  inadequate. 


Do  you,  have  you,  if  you,  can  you,  give  you,  may  you, 
though  you,  had  you,  don't  you. 

THK,    TK    AM)    I>K    HooK. 

Rather,  better,  gather,  patter,  bother,  each  other,  which 
their,  redder,  bitter,  rider,  bidder,  pleader. 


CONCLUSION. 


In  concluding  the  author  desires  to  reiterate  the 
statement  made  in  the  introductory  remarks  of  this 
work,  that  he  would  try  to  present  in  a  brief  but 
lucid  manner  the  elementary  principles  essential  to 
speed  and  legibility  in  phonography.  These  ele- 
mentary principles  will  undoubtedly  enable  any 
student  to  make  this  art  of  as  much  practicable 
value  as  any  other  work  on  short-hand  extant,  and 
in  a  small  fraction  of  the  time  required  by  any 
other  work.  But  the  student  must  expect  to  find 
herein  but  a  small  part  of  that  vast  and  compre- 
hensive subject,  "the  queen  of  arts  and  sciences," 
phonography.  Its  realm  circumscribes  the  boun- 
daries of  many  a  sister  science.  Phonetics,  phi- 
lology, etymology,  vocal  physiology,  phonics,  elocu- 
tion and  others  pour  their  contributions  at  its  feet, 
and  are  amply  enriched  by  it  in  return.  Further- 
more, the  foregoing  pages  contain  but  a  small  part, 
necessarily  an  epitome,  of  what  constitutes  our 


140  i  i  INCLUSION. 

••method."  This  entire  work  is  based  upon  the 
attempt  to  avoid  the  rock  on  which  all  others  have 
split,  namely,  making  the  art  impracticable  to  many 
by  adopting  an  analytic  method,  and  going  into  all 
the  theoretic  and  confusing  details  before  making 
;my  part  of  it  practicable.  Many  wander  for  years  in 
the  intricate  and  mazy  labyrinths  of  those  methods 
without  finding  one  iota  of  utility  in  them  ;  while 
by  the  method  herein  delineated  each  exercise  is  a 
Mire  advance  in  the  path  of  practicability,  will  be  of 
ureat  utility  to  the  student  if  interrupted  at  any 
part  of  his  course,  and  lays  a  foundation  of 
me<  hanical  control  of  principles  which  will  be  of 
inestimable  value  should  he  desire  to  take  up  the 
advanced  course  of  the  method  and  become  more 
of  an  expert.  It  would  be  useless  to  embody  all 
the  principles  and  developed  resources  of  this  art 
in  one  instruction  book,  for  it  would  incur  a  risk 
and  engender  a  probability  that  the  student  would 
be  confused  by  a  number  of  new  principles  before 
he  had  mechanically  acquired  the  old. 

As  a  UNIVERSAL  PHONOGRAPHY,  harmoni/ing  the 
various  systems  of  the  old  phonography,  this  work 
does  not  pretend  to  be  complete  or  scientifically 
perfect  in  all  its  details,  but  is  a  medium  between 
the  old  style  and  what  ought  to  be. 


APPENDIX. 


The  following  vowel  scale  can  scarcely  with  as 
much  propriety  as  in  case  of  the  preceding  princi- 
ples be  termed  a  part  of  Universal  Phonography, 
for  it  is  in  no  respect  similar  to  that  of  any  of  the 
old  systems ;  but  it  may  claim  a  right  to  be  consid- 
ered a  part  of  it  on  the  ground  that  it  supplies  a 
long-felt  and  universal  demand  for  a  vowel  scale 
that  could  be  joined.  As  alluded  to  in  the  remarks 
on  phrasing,  to  take  up  the  pen,  give  space  and  put 
it  down  between  characters  occupies  as  much  time 
as  three  ordinary,  well-known  consonant  strokes  ; 
and  to  do  the  same  with  the  additional  care  of 
making  a  distinction  between  light  and  very  light 
dots  takes  still  longer.  The  general  tenor  of  this 
book  will  convince  the  student  that  the  author  is  no 
advocate  of  an  extensive  use  of  the  vowels,  as  he 
has  found  that  they  are  not  a  necessity  once  in  a 
thousand  words ;  but  oftentimes  if  one  can  insert 
a  prominent  vowel  it  will  enable  him  to  get  a  legi- 
ble and  very  suggestive  abbreviation  of  a  long  word 
in  one  or  two  strokes  beside  the  vowel. 

This  arrangement  places  phonography  on  a  much 
more  scientific  and  philosophical  basis  than  for- 
merly. It  brings  it  into  still  nearer  relation  to  the 
sciences  of  geometry,  acoustics  and  anatomy  of  the 
vocal  organs,  makes  it  more  nearly  a  perfect  alpha- 
bet, an  alphabet  of  nature,  or  universal  alphabet, 


142  APPKNDIX. 

than  anything  we  have  seen  published,  by  repre- 
senting the  higher,  lower  and  medial  organ 
articulation  in  a  corresponding  position  in  the  cir- 
cle. It  still  preserves  the  harmony  of  first,  second 
and  third  positions  if  desired,  and  makes  th< 
called  "diphthongs,"  or  irregular  vowels,  regular. 
They  are  so  flexible  that  they  may  be  changed  into 
three-fourths  of  a  circle  or  an  elongated  semi-circle 
to  facilitate  a  juncture  or  prevent  conrlictions.  Hut 
let  me  repeat,  an  extensive  use  of  the  vowels  is  nei- 
ther strictly  phonographic,  desirable  nor  necessary. 

ClRcn.AK  VOWKI.  SCU.K. 


already 

£\  before 

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